Propuesta de fortalecimiento de capacidades municipales en gestión local de riesgos en los gobiernos locales del área metropolitana de Costa Rica, en el marco de la Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo no. 8488
Fecha
2012
Autores
Araya Araya, Ramón Gilberto
Pernudi Hidalgo, Anthony
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo es un proceso de investigación que versa su desarrollo alrededor de dos temas, el desarrollo local y la gestión del riesgo. Términos que son entendidos como complementarios ya que sin gestión del riesgo es imposible generar procesos de desarrollo local. El proyecto se desarrolló entre el 2011 y el 2012, coyuntura en la cual las municipalices tienen una acción reactiva ante situaciones de emergencias, ello se evidencia en los modelos administrativos de atención de emergencias con que cuentan las municipalidades y en sus capacidades, las cuales les impiden desarrollar acciones eficaces de gestión de riesgos. Debido a esta realidad, el trabajo responde al objetivo de identificar los factores que están incidiendo en el desarrollo de capacidades municipales de gestión local del riesgo en los 14 municipios del Área Metropolitana adscritos a la FEMETROM. Ante este escenario, se realiza un proceso de investigación con las municipalidades del área metropolitana mediante el diseño de una metodología de categorización de los municipios según sus capacidades. Se identificó una necesidad de fortalecer las capacidades de los municipios ante situaciones de riesgo, ya que, en la mayor parte de los casos, no se cuenta con personal, capacitación, presupuesto ni indicadores de medición de resultados que permitan generar procesos de gestión de riesgos que mejoren la resiliencia de las comunidades. Incluso los municipios de la FEMETROM con mayores ingresos y procesos de planificación más desarrollados no impulsan el tema como un pilar integrado del desarrollo local y de la planificación del cantón a mediano y largo plazo. En el proceso investigativo se definió la necesidad de plantear un Índice de Gestión de Riesgo Municipal (IGRM), el cual se construyó alrededor de las siguientes variables: a. Capacidad administrativa en GR. b. Capacidad financiera en GR. c. Capacidad de incentivar la participación social en GR. d. Capacidad de planificación en GR. Dicho índice ejemplifica la situación de las municipalidades en el lapso de tiempo de la investigación, permitiendo identificar las principales áreas a trabajar para generar cambios efectivos en los ayuntamientos. El diagnóstico mostró que los municipios con mejor IGRM no superaron el 65% del puntaje de los indicadores, ello sugiere que no se ha dado un tratamiento de relevancia al tema de Gestión del Riesgo ni a la planificación del mismo en los ayuntamientos. La principal conclusión del proyecto versa sobre la ausencia de trabajo de Gestión de Riesgo en el ambiente municipal y sobre la necesidad de incluir el mismo en la planificación institucional para convertirlo en una parte integral del quehacer de los ayuntamientos para no seguir repitiendo las acciones reactivas ante las emergencias, sino prevenir y minimizar sus resultados.
This work is a research process that revolves around two themes: local development and risk management. These terms are understood as complementary, since local development processes are impossible without risk management. The project was carried out between 2011 and 2012, a period in which municipalities tended to react to emergencies. This is evident in the emergency response models they employ and in their capacities, which hinder their ability to develop effective risk management strategies. Given this reality, the work aims to identify the factors influencing the development of municipal capacities for local risk management in the 14 municipalities of the Metropolitan Area affiliated with FEMETROM. To address this, a research process was conducted with the municipalities of the metropolitan area through the design of a methodology for categorizing them according to their capacities. A need was identified to strengthen the capacities of municipalities in the face of risk situations, since, in most cases, they lack the personnel, training, budget, and performance indicators necessary to generate risk management processes that improve community resilience. Even the FEMETROM municipalities with the highest incomes and most developed planning processes do not promote this issue as an integrated pillar of local development and medium- and long-term cantonal planning. The research process defined the need to develop a Municipal Risk Management Index (MRMI), which was constructed around the following variables: a. Administrative capacity in risk management. b. Financial capacity in risk management. c. Capacity to encourage social participation in risk management. d. Planning capacity in risk management. This index exemplifies the situation of the municipalities during the research period, allowing for the identification of the main areas to be addressed to generate effective changes in the local governments. The diagnosis showed that the municipalities with the best Risk Management Index (IGRM) did not exceed 65% of the indicator scores, suggesting that the issue of Risk Management and its planning have not been given sufficient attention at the municipal level. The project's main conclusion focuses on the lack of Risk Management work at the municipal level and the need to include it in institutional planning to make it an integral part of municipal operations. This would move beyond reactive measures in the face of emergencies and instead focus on preventing and minimizing their impact.
This work is a research process that revolves around two themes: local development and risk management. These terms are understood as complementary, since local development processes are impossible without risk management. The project was carried out between 2011 and 2012, a period in which municipalities tended to react to emergencies. This is evident in the emergency response models they employ and in their capacities, which hinder their ability to develop effective risk management strategies. Given this reality, the work aims to identify the factors influencing the development of municipal capacities for local risk management in the 14 municipalities of the Metropolitan Area affiliated with FEMETROM. To address this, a research process was conducted with the municipalities of the metropolitan area through the design of a methodology for categorizing them according to their capacities. A need was identified to strengthen the capacities of municipalities in the face of risk situations, since, in most cases, they lack the personnel, training, budget, and performance indicators necessary to generate risk management processes that improve community resilience. Even the FEMETROM municipalities with the highest incomes and most developed planning processes do not promote this issue as an integrated pillar of local development and medium- and long-term cantonal planning. The research process defined the need to develop a Municipal Risk Management Index (MRMI), which was constructed around the following variables: a. Administrative capacity in risk management. b. Financial capacity in risk management. c. Capacity to encourage social participation in risk management. d. Planning capacity in risk management. This index exemplifies the situation of the municipalities during the research period, allowing for the identification of the main areas to be addressed to generate effective changes in the local governments. The diagnosis showed that the municipalities with the best Risk Management Index (IGRM) did not exceed 65% of the indicator scores, suggesting that the issue of Risk Management and its planning have not been given sufficient attention at the municipal level. The project's main conclusion focuses on the lack of Risk Management work at the municipal level and the need to include it in institutional planning to make it an integral part of municipal operations. This would move beyond reactive measures in the face of emergencies and instead focus on preventing and minimizing their impact.
Descripción
Master en Planificación en las Áreas de Planificación de Gestión Social de Territorios en Riesgo Socio-ambiental Planificación del Desarrollo Local
Palabras clave
GOBIERNO LOCAL, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, PLANIFICACIÓN REGIONAL, REGIONAL PLANNING, PREVENCIÓN DE DESASTRES, DISASTER PREVENTION, ADMINISTRACIÓN DE RIESGOS, RISK MANAGEMENT
