Evaluación de los desechos Agrícolas de ñame (Dioscorea alata) como fuente para la extracción de fructanas con posibles aplicaciones alimenticias
Fecha
2015-11
Autores
Aguilar Solano, Alejandro J.
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Este trabajo propone una estrategia que potencialice la utilización de los residuos de ñame, para
la búsqueda de nuevos materiales con un valor agregado mayor, como lo es el caso de las
fructanas, las cuales son polisacáridos de fructosa y forman parte del contenido de fibra dietética
del tubérculo, que poseen aplicaciones alimenticias, por ejemplo como sustitutos de azúcar.
En la investigación se realizó un muestreo en la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica para la
obtención de ñame (Dioscorea alata) de rechazo, donde se tomó sustrato de distintas localidades,
incluidos sectores como Los Chiles, Upala y Guatuso. El sustrato fue caracterizado físicoquímicamente,
para lo cual se realizaron análisis de humedad, ceniza, grasa, proteína, solubilidad
en agua caliente y fría, así como determinaciones de carbohidratos totales, que presentaron
valores máximos de carbohidratos del 25 % y contenido de fibra dietética total en un ámbito de
2,9 % a 7,2 %. Estos porcentajes están relacionados con el contenido de fructanas, por lo que son
valores determinantes en el presente estudio.
La investigación permitió el desarrollo de un método de extracción y cuantificación de las
fructanas en medio acuoso, evaluando tres factores de extracción (lotes de obtención del sustrato,
temperatura y tiempo). Se determinó el contenido de inulina en los extractos, realizando una
técnica de hidrólisis enzimática, donde los resultados mostraron valores en un ámbito de 0,22 % a
3,8 %. Además, se realizó una caracterización térmica de las fructanas, donde se determinó que la
temperatura de descomposición es de 330 ºC, por lo que es posible utilizar estos compuestos en
procesos alimenticios. Por último, mediante la técnica de GPC se estableció que las fructanas
extraídas son de cadena corta, al poseer masas moleculares de 1500 Da e inferiores.
Se concluye que es posible extraer, cuantificar y caracterizar las inulinas obtenidas a partir del
ñame de rechazo de la zona Huetar Norte de Costa Rica, de la especie Dioscorea alata; con el
potencial de utilizarlas para posibles aplicaciones alimenticias, gracias a las características
prebióticas que poseen estos compuestos.
This work proposes a strategy that potentiates the use of yam residues, to the search for new materials with a greater added value, as is the case of fructans, which are fructose polysaccharides and are part of the dietary fiber content of the tuber, which have food applications, for example as sugar substitutes. In the investigation, a sampling was carried out in the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica for the obtaining rejection yam (Dioscorea alata), where substrate was taken from different locations, including sectors such as Los Chiles, Upala and Guatuso. The substrate was characterized physicochemically, for which analysis of moisture, ash, fat, protein, solubility in hot and cold water, as well as total carbohydrate determinations, which presented maximum values for carbohydrates of 25% and total dietary fiber content in a range of 2.9% to 7.2%. These percentages are related to the fructan content, so they are determining values in the present study. The investigation allowed the development of a method of extraction and quantification of the fructans in aqueous medium, evaluating three extraction factors (lots for obtaining the substrate, temperature and time). The inulin content in the extracts was determined, performing a enzymatic hydrolysis technique, where the results showed values in a range of 0.22% to 3.8%. In addition, a thermal characterization of the fructans was carried out, where it was determined that the decomposition temperature is 330 ºC, so it is possible to use these compounds in food processes. Finally, using the GPC technique, it was established that fructans extracted are short-chain, having molecular masses of 1500 Da and less. It is concluded that it is possible to extract, quantify and characterize the inulins obtained from the rejected yam from the Huetar North area of Costa Rica, of the species Dioscorea alata; with the potential to use them for possible food applications, thanks to the characteristics prebiotics that have these compounds.
This work proposes a strategy that potentiates the use of yam residues, to the search for new materials with a greater added value, as is the case of fructans, which are fructose polysaccharides and are part of the dietary fiber content of the tuber, which have food applications, for example as sugar substitutes. In the investigation, a sampling was carried out in the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica for the obtaining rejection yam (Dioscorea alata), where substrate was taken from different locations, including sectors such as Los Chiles, Upala and Guatuso. The substrate was characterized physicochemically, for which analysis of moisture, ash, fat, protein, solubility in hot and cold water, as well as total carbohydrate determinations, which presented maximum values for carbohydrates of 25% and total dietary fiber content in a range of 2.9% to 7.2%. These percentages are related to the fructan content, so they are determining values in the present study. The investigation allowed the development of a method of extraction and quantification of the fructans in aqueous medium, evaluating three extraction factors (lots for obtaining the substrate, temperature and time). The inulin content in the extracts was determined, performing a enzymatic hydrolysis technique, where the results showed values in a range of 0.22% to 3.8%. In addition, a thermal characterization of the fructans was carried out, where it was determined that the decomposition temperature is 330 ºC, so it is possible to use these compounds in food processes. Finally, using the GPC technique, it was established that fructans extracted are short-chain, having molecular masses of 1500 Da and less. It is concluded that it is possible to extract, quantify and characterize the inulins obtained from the rejected yam from the Huetar North area of Costa Rica, of the species Dioscorea alata; with the potential to use them for possible food applications, thanks to the characteristics prebiotics that have these compounds.
Descripción
Aguilar Solano, A. J. (2015). Evaluación de los desechos Agrícolas de ñame (Dioscorea alata) como fuente para la extracción de fructanas con posibles aplicaciones alimenticias. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
ÑAME, YAM, DIOSCOREA ALATA, RESIDUOS AGRICOLAS, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUALS, TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS