Estudios anátomo-histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímicos sobre las patologías de los cetáceos encallados en Costa Rica durante el período 2001-2007. Con énfasis especial en el diagnóstico de Brucella y Morbillivirus
Fecha
2008
Autores
González-Barrientos, Rocío
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Costa Rica cuenta con una extensión marítima diez veces mayor a su extensión terrestre. En
estas aguas habita el treinta y cinco por ciento de la biodiversidad mundial de cetáceos,
representada por aproximadamente 29 especies. El objetivo de esta investigación fue la
evaluación anátomo-histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica para la detección de Brucella sp. y
Morbillivirus, en 19 cetáceos encallados que fueron analizados en el Servicio de Patología de
la E.M.V., U.N.A. en el período 2001-2007. Durante este periodo se observó un aumento
gradual en el número de casos de aproximadamente un caso por año, observándose en el año
2006 el mayor número de animales referidos (5/19). El mes de julio fue el mes que presentó
mayor número de animales encallados (6/19). Todos los cetáceos analizados correspondieron a
animales varados en la costa Pacífica, en su mayoría en la provincia de Puntarenas (15/19).
Trece de los delfines correspondieron a hembras y 6 a machos. Dieciséis de los cetáceos
evaluados correspondieron a delfines de la especie Stenella coeruleoalba (delfín listado),
mientras que los restantes comprendieron casos individuales de las especies Stenella
longirostris (delfín girador), Stenella attenuata (delfín manchado) y Kogia sima (cachalote
enano). En la mayoría de los casos las lesiones más severas fueron observadas a nivel de SNC,
donde macroscópicamente la hiperemia (12/19) y el aumento en la cantidad de líquido
cefalorraquídeo (4/19) fueron los principales hallazgos observados. El análisis histológico del
sistema nervioso se realizó en 17 de los cetáceos. En trece de estos animales se presentó una
meningoencefalomielitis mononuclear especialmente severa en las zonas basales del encéfalo.
Once de estos animales contaban con altos títulos de anticuerpos frente a Brucella sp., y en
seis de los mismos se logró el aislamiento de Brucella ceti a partir del líquido cefalorraquídeo.
Sin embargo no se encontraron resultados inmunohistoquímicos positivos para la detección de
Brucella sp. en ninguno de los cortes histológicos evaluados para el SNC. De manera similar
resultaron negativas las pruebas para la inmunodetección de Morbillivirus en el tejido
encefálico y pulmonar. Simultáneamente se observó una severa endocarditis nodular en la
válvula mitral y una severa placentitis necrotizante en dos de los delfines listados positivos al
aislamiento de B. ceti y positivos a la IH para Brucella sp. En base a estos resultados se
consideró a B. ceti como el principal agente bacteriano causante de las lesiones observadas en
el sistema nervioso de la mayoría de los casos analizados.
The marine extension of Costa Rica is ten times larger than its continental counterpart. Thirty five percent of the world cetacean biodiversity inhabits these oceanic waters, harboring 29 described species. In this study macroscopic findings, histological features and the immunohistochemical reactions against Brucella sp. and Morbillivirus from 19 stranded cetaceans submitted to the Pathology Service of Veterinary School of the National University, during 2001 and 2007, were analyzed. The number of cases showed a gradual increase close to one case per year, being 2006 the year with the highest number of submissions (5/19). July was the month with the highest rate of strandings, including 6 of the cases. All cases submitted corresponded to stranded animals from the Pacific coast, mainly reported at the Puntarenas province (15/19). Thirteen dolphins corresponded to females while six to males. Sixteen cetaceans belonged to Stenella coeruleoalba (striped dolphin), the rest comprised Stenella longirostris (spinner dolphin), Stenella attenuata (spotted dolphin) and the dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima. In most cases, the most severe lesions observed were located in the CNS. The main macroscopic findings were hyperemic meningeal blood vessels (12/19), with the corresponding augmented amount of cerebrospinal fluid (4/19). Histological analysis was performed in 17 of the cases. Thirteen of the animals showed nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, particularly severe in the basal areas of the encephalon. Eleven of these presented high titters of antibodies against Brucella sp., and six of them had positive isolation for Brucella ceti from the cerebrospinal fluid. However, immuoperoxidase positive reactions against Brucella sp. were not detected in histological sections of the CNS. Similarly, immunohistochemimical detection of Morbillivirus was not detected in any of the tissues. In addition in two S. coeruleoalba there was one case of severe nodular endocarditis and a case of necrotizing placentitis with positive immunohistochemical reactions against Brucella sp., with positives isolations for B. ceti. Based on this results B. ceti is considered the mayor etiological causal agent of the central nervous system alterations of the cases analyzed.
The marine extension of Costa Rica is ten times larger than its continental counterpart. Thirty five percent of the world cetacean biodiversity inhabits these oceanic waters, harboring 29 described species. In this study macroscopic findings, histological features and the immunohistochemical reactions against Brucella sp. and Morbillivirus from 19 stranded cetaceans submitted to the Pathology Service of Veterinary School of the National University, during 2001 and 2007, were analyzed. The number of cases showed a gradual increase close to one case per year, being 2006 the year with the highest number of submissions (5/19). July was the month with the highest rate of strandings, including 6 of the cases. All cases submitted corresponded to stranded animals from the Pacific coast, mainly reported at the Puntarenas province (15/19). Thirteen dolphins corresponded to females while six to males. Sixteen cetaceans belonged to Stenella coeruleoalba (striped dolphin), the rest comprised Stenella longirostris (spinner dolphin), Stenella attenuata (spotted dolphin) and the dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima. In most cases, the most severe lesions observed were located in the CNS. The main macroscopic findings were hyperemic meningeal blood vessels (12/19), with the corresponding augmented amount of cerebrospinal fluid (4/19). Histological analysis was performed in 17 of the cases. Thirteen of the animals showed nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, particularly severe in the basal areas of the encephalon. Eleven of these presented high titters of antibodies against Brucella sp., and six of them had positive isolation for Brucella ceti from the cerebrospinal fluid. However, immuoperoxidase positive reactions against Brucella sp. were not detected in histological sections of the CNS. Similarly, immunohistochemimical detection of Morbillivirus was not detected in any of the tissues. In addition in two S. coeruleoalba there was one case of severe nodular endocarditis and a case of necrotizing placentitis with positive immunohistochemical reactions against Brucella sp., with positives isolations for B. ceti. Based on this results B. ceti is considered the mayor etiological causal agent of the central nervous system alterations of the cases analyzed.
Descripción
Modalidad: Tesis de grado
Palabras clave
CETACEA, PATOLOGÍA ANIMAL, ANIMAL PATHOLOGY, BRUCELLACEAE, BRUCELLA, COSTA RICA, BRUCELOSIS