Modelación hidrológica e hidráulica para la identificación de zonas inundables en un tramo del Río Sardinal, Carrillo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Fecha
2021
Autores
Rosales Dinarte, Magally De Los Ángeles
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la microcuenca del río Sardinal, Carrillo, Guanacaste, zona
influenciada por condiciones climáticas propias de la región Pacifico Norte, con una estación seca
que inicia en diciembre y finaliza en abril y una época lluviosa que se extiende de mayo a noviembre.
La selección del sitio de estudio sigue lo indicado por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias y
Prevención del Riesgo, de que la comunidad de Sardinal es una de las zonas del cantón de Carrillo
con alto riesgo y vulnerabilidad a la afectación de inundaciones, con antecedentes de pérdidas
económicas y de infraestructura social documentados en agosto del 2008 , en octubre del 2009, este
último con el desbordamiento del río Sardinal en algunos sectores dejando 15 viviendas dañadas, en
octubre del 2017 con el embate de la tormenta tropical Nate y recientemente de los huracanes Iota y
Eta.
Este estudio presenta un análisis hidrológico e hidráulico de un tramo de 350 metros, ubicado en la
entrada principal de la comunidad asociada con la microcuenca del Río Sardinal. Con base en los
resultados se presentan una serie de acciones que se requieren para reducir y mitigar amenazas
hidrometeorológicas tipo inundaciones.
Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos se establecieron seis etapas. La primera comprende la
recopilación de datos de precipitación máxima en 24 horas. La caracterización de las variables
morfométricas de las microcuencas de los ríos Sardinal y Brasil, así como aguas abajo de estos dos
sistemas que conforman la subcuenca del río Sardinal, fue la segunda etapa. En la tercera etapa se
calcularon los diferentes períodos de retorno para las variables seleccionadas (precipitación máxima
en 24 horas), con el fin de calcular las Curvas de Intensidad Duración Frecuencia (IDF). En la cuarta
etapa se calcularon los hietogramas por el método de bloques alternos. En una quinta etapa se
realizó la modelación hidrológica con el programa HEC-HMS para obtener el cálculo de caudales
máximos instantáneos para el punto de interés (Tramo puente Sardinal).
Finalmente, en la sexta etapa, los caudales máximos generados a partir del procesamiento de la
información en HEC-HMS, fueron modelados en el software HEC-RAS, para determinar el
comportamiento hidráulico del río Sardinal frente a picos de escorrentía directa. Los resultados
demostraron que, por las condiciones morfométricas asociadas a la microcuenca Sardinal, no es
usual el desbordamiento del cauce. Esta condición le ha permitido atenuar los picos de escorrentía
menores como respuesta hidrológica natural de las características morfométricas analizadas. Sin
embargo, se determinó que a caudales máximos superiores a 20 años de periodo de recurrencia se
sobrepasa la capacidad hidráulica del río Sardinal en el tramo de estudio, esta eventualidad
incomunicaría la comunidad adyacente, ya que se inunda la entrada principal donde
se localiza el puente Sardinal. Por lo tanto, como recomendación se debe extender este estudio a lo
largo del río Sardinal y aplicar fotogrametría, de tal forma que se genere más información en menor
tiempo en comparación con el uso de equipo de topografía convencional utilizado en este estudio. La
recomendación procura una gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas y la implementación de
medidas de mitigación híbridas donde se incorporan la infraestructura gris convencional con
infraestructura verde integradas bajo el concepto de Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza,
finalmente, se recomendó no incorporar nuevas vulnerabilidades a la comunidad de Sardinal, ya que
se han identificado vulnerabilidades de tipo física asociada a las viviendas, y socioeconómicas
asociadas al costo al que tienen que incurrir las personas para remediar los efectos producidos por
las inundaciones.
This study was carried out in the micro-basin of the Sardinal River, Carrillo, Guanacaste, an area influenced by climatic conditions typical of the North Pacific region, with a dry season that begins in December and ends in April and a rainy season that extends from May to November. The selection of the study site follows that indicated by the National Commission for Emergencies and Risk Prevention, that the community of Sardinal is one of the areas of the canton of Carrillo with high risk and vulnerability to the affectation of floods, with a history of losses economic and social infrastructure documented in August 2008, in October 2009, the latter with the overflow of the Sardinal River in some sectors, leaving 15 homes damaged, in October 2017 with the onslaught of tropical storm Nate and recently hurricanes Iota and Eta. This study presents a hydrological and hydraulic analysis of a 350-meter section, located at the main entrance of the community associated with the Sardinal River micro-basin. Based on the results, a series of actions are presented that are required to reduce and mitigate hydrometeorological threats such as floods. To meet the proposed objectives, six stages were established. The first involves the collection of data on maximum precipitation in 24 hours. The characterization of the morphometric variables of the micro-basins of the Sardinal and Brazil rivers, as well as downstream of these two systems that make up the sub-basin of the Sardinal River, was the second stage. In the third stage, the different return periods were calculated for the selected variables (maximum rainfall in 24 hours), in order to calculate the Intensity Duration Frequency Curves (IDF). In the fourth stage, the hietograms were calculated by the alternate block method. In a fifth stage, hydrological modeling was carried out with the HEC-HMS program to obtain the calculation of maximum instantaneous flows for the point of interest (Sardinal bridge section). Finally, in the sixth stage, the maximum flows generated from the information processing in HEC-HMS, were modeled in the HEC-RAS software, to determine the hydraulic behavior of the Sardinal River in the face of direct runoff peaks. The results showed that, due to the morphometric conditions associated with the Sardinal micro-basin, the overflowing of the channel is not usual. This condition has allowed it to attenuate minor runoff peaks as a natural hydrological response to the morphometric characteristics analyzed. However, it was determined that at maximum flows greater than 20 years of recurrence period, the hydraulic capacity of the Sardinal River is exceeded in the study section, this eventuality would cut off the adjacent community, since the main entrance where the Sardinal bridge is located. Therefore, as a recommendation, this study should be extended along the Sardinal River and photogrammetry applied, in such a way that more information is generated in less time compared to the use of conventional surveying equipment used in this study. The recommendation seeks an integrated management of hydrographic basins and the implementation of hybrid mitigation measures where conventional gray infrastructure is incorporated with integrated green infrastructure under the concept of Nature-Based Solutions, finally, it was recommended not to incorporate new vulnerabilities to the community of Sardinal, since physical vulnerabilities associated with housing and socioeconomic vulnerabilities associated with the cost that people have to incur to remedy the effects of the floods have been identified.
This study was carried out in the micro-basin of the Sardinal River, Carrillo, Guanacaste, an area influenced by climatic conditions typical of the North Pacific region, with a dry season that begins in December and ends in April and a rainy season that extends from May to November. The selection of the study site follows that indicated by the National Commission for Emergencies and Risk Prevention, that the community of Sardinal is one of the areas of the canton of Carrillo with high risk and vulnerability to the affectation of floods, with a history of losses economic and social infrastructure documented in August 2008, in October 2009, the latter with the overflow of the Sardinal River in some sectors, leaving 15 homes damaged, in October 2017 with the onslaught of tropical storm Nate and recently hurricanes Iota and Eta. This study presents a hydrological and hydraulic analysis of a 350-meter section, located at the main entrance of the community associated with the Sardinal River micro-basin. Based on the results, a series of actions are presented that are required to reduce and mitigate hydrometeorological threats such as floods. To meet the proposed objectives, six stages were established. The first involves the collection of data on maximum precipitation in 24 hours. The characterization of the morphometric variables of the micro-basins of the Sardinal and Brazil rivers, as well as downstream of these two systems that make up the sub-basin of the Sardinal River, was the second stage. In the third stage, the different return periods were calculated for the selected variables (maximum rainfall in 24 hours), in order to calculate the Intensity Duration Frequency Curves (IDF). In the fourth stage, the hietograms were calculated by the alternate block method. In a fifth stage, hydrological modeling was carried out with the HEC-HMS program to obtain the calculation of maximum instantaneous flows for the point of interest (Sardinal bridge section). Finally, in the sixth stage, the maximum flows generated from the information processing in HEC-HMS, were modeled in the HEC-RAS software, to determine the hydraulic behavior of the Sardinal River in the face of direct runoff peaks. The results showed that, due to the morphometric conditions associated with the Sardinal micro-basin, the overflowing of the channel is not usual. This condition has allowed it to attenuate minor runoff peaks as a natural hydrological response to the morphometric characteristics analyzed. However, it was determined that at maximum flows greater than 20 years of recurrence period, the hydraulic capacity of the Sardinal River is exceeded in the study section, this eventuality would cut off the adjacent community, since the main entrance where the Sardinal bridge is located. Therefore, as a recommendation, this study should be extended along the Sardinal River and photogrammetry applied, in such a way that more information is generated in less time compared to the use of conventional surveying equipment used in this study. The recommendation seeks an integrated management of hydrographic basins and the implementation of hybrid mitigation measures where conventional gray infrastructure is incorporated with integrated green infrastructure under the concept of Nature-Based Solutions, finally, it was recommended not to incorporate new vulnerabilities to the community of Sardinal, since physical vulnerabilities associated with housing and socioeconomic vulnerabilities associated with the cost that people have to incur to remedy the effects of the floods have been identified.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MICROCUENCA (SARDINAL, CARRILLO, GUANACASTE), RIO (SARDINAL, CARRILLO, GUANACASTE), HIDROLÓGICO, HIDRÁULICO, INUNDACIONES, MORFOMETRICAS, ESCORRENTIA, VULNERABILIDAD