Contadora ¿simples buenos oficios o formal mediación? (Pacificación en la crisis centroamericana)
Fecha
1997
Autores
Antillón Salazar, Alvar
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En el año 1983 los desarrollos de la situación centroamericana daban la impresión de un escalamiento del conflicto regional producto de las malas condiciones económicas y sociales, así como de diferencias ideológicas asimilables al enfrentamiento Este-Oeste.
Los países limítrofes a la región - Colombia, México, Panamá y Venezuela - concertaron sus acciones con el fin de detener ese escalamiento del conflicto, el que visualizaban como desestabilizador de su propia seguridad nacional. Fue así como surgió el Grupo de Contadora,
Esos cuatro países, alarmados ante lo que parecía un gravísimo deterioro de la situación centroamericana, se reunieron en la Isla de Contadora, República de Panamá, en enero de 1983, con el fin de propiciar el diálogo y la negociación en Centroamérica. Allí emitieron la Declaración de Contadora. A partir de ese momento se inicia primero un intento de conciliación y de buenos oficios, lo que, al no resultar suficiente, se torna en un largo y denodado esfuerzo diplomático de mediación.
Esta paulatina pero necesaria transformación de la metodología pacífica de Contadora, es el objeto de esta obra.
En el mes de marzo de ese año, el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobó por unanimidad la resolución 530 que encomia los esfuerzos del Grupo al ofrecer sus buenos oficios, reafirma el derecho de los países centroamericanos a vivir en paz, y pide al Secretario General de la ONU que le continúe informando. Esta resolución prácticamente oficializó dichos esfuerzos del Grupo de Contadora.
Durante los años siguientes, la gestión del Grupo se vio forzada a ejercer una mediación formal y así entonces poder proponer y arbitrar la redacción de un largo y complejo Tratado de Paz que incluyó todos los aspectos: políticos, jurídicos y militares necesarios para lograr una distensión.
Después de casi cuatro años de gestión diplomática, primero del Grupo de Contadora sólo, y luego con la colaboración del Grupo de Apoyo constituido por Argentina, Brasil, Perú y Uruguay, la mediación entró en un impasse sin retorno. Y luego de catorce meses sin avances sustanciales, en los que se polarizaron las posiciones de Nicaragua, por un lado, y las de Honduras, El Salvador y Costa Rica por el otro, en enero del año 1987 Contadora señaló que en Centroamérica no había voluntad de Paz.
Para esas fechas ya comenzaba a cobrar cierta importancia una propuesta costarricense que se conocería como Plan Arias y que sería presentada oficialmente el 15 de febrero de 1987.
La vasta concepción del Tratado, llamado Acta de Contadora, tuvo por pilares de apoyo dos documentos de gran contenido emitidos, entre otros, el primero como «Documento de Objetivos» y que fue redactado con gran participación de los estados centroamericanos, y el segundo, por el propio Grupo de Contadora, llamado Mensaje de Caraballeda.
La labor de redacción del Acta fue perfilando este instrumento como un documento único, simultáneo y multilateral, legalmente vinculante y obligatorio para todos los estados en conflicto.
Esto pareció ser la razón de su eventual rechazo y sustitución por el Plan Arias, el cual, si bien conservó los principios fundamentales del proyecto de Acta de Contadora, se redactó en forma más simple y se le dio la forma de una resolución ejecutiva en lugar de tratado. Ello significó que el Plan podía ser promulgado inmediatamente después de su firma, en lugar de esperar meses, o quizá uno o dos años, por la aprobación legislativa del Acta por los cinco estados del Istmo.
Esa fue una de las razones principales por las que el Acta de Contadora, luego de la insistencia de cuatro de los estados mediados en que la solución asumiera la forma de un instrumento jurídico único y vinculante, los mismos gobiernos rehusaran firmarlo. También se puede mencionar como causa la presión ejercida sobre los gobiernos por los estados «respaldo», es decir, los Estados Unidos sobre Costa Rica, El Salvador y Honduras y Cuba sobre Nicaragua, así como la lógica negativa de los altos mandos militares de los países en cuestión ya que el Acta establecía serias limitaciones sobre el crecimiento militar. Guatemala, Honduras. El Salvador y Costa Rica, en determinado momento, declararon que, si Nicaragua no firmaba el Acta, ellos tampoco. Esta actitud se rebate con la contención de que, si esos cuatro estados hubieran firmado, la presión internacional sobre Nicaragua la hubiera obligado eventualmente a aceptar los términos del Acta. De lo contrario, tanto Europa como Canadá hubieran retirado sus programas de ayuda a dicho país.
In 1983, developments in the Central American situation gave the impression of an escalation of the regional conflict resulting from poor economic and social conditions, as well as ideological differences similar to the East-West confrontation. The countries bordering the region - Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela - concerted their actions in order to stop the escalation of the conflict, which they saw as destabilizing for their own national security. This is how the Contadora Group came into being, These four countries, alarmed by what appeared to be a very serious deterioration of the Central American situation, met on the Island of Contadora, Republic of Panama, in January 1983, with the aim of promoting dialogue and negotiation in Central America. There they issued the Contadora Declaration. From that moment on, an attempt at conciliation and good offices began, which, when it proved insufficient, turned into a long and strenuous diplomatic mediation effort. This gradual but necessary transformation of Contadora's peaceful methodology is the subject of this work. In March of that year, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 530, which commended the Group's efforts in offering its good offices, reaffirmed the right of Central American countries to live in peace, and requested the UN Secretary General to continue to report to it. This resolution virtually formalized the Contadora Group's efforts. During the following years, the Group's management was forced to exercise formal mediation and thus be able to propose and arbitrate the drafting of a long and complex Peace Treaty that included all aspects: political, legal and military, necessary to achieve détente. After almost four years of diplomatic efforts, first by the Contadora Group alone, and then with the collaboration of the Support Group formed by Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay, the mediation entered an impasse with no return. And after fourteen months without substantial progress, in which the positions of Nicaragua on the one hand and Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica on the other were polarized, in January 1987 Contadora indicated that there was no will for peace in Central America. By that time, a Costa Rican proposal known as the Arias Plan, which would be officially presented on February 15, 1987, was already gaining some importance. The vast conception of the Treaty, called the Contadora Act, had as pillars of support two documents of great content issued, among others, the first as the "Document of Objectives" and which was drafted with great participation of the Central American states, and the second, by the Contadora Group itself, called the Caraballeda Message. The work of drafting the Act was shaping this instrument as a single, simultaneous and multilateral document, legally binding and obligatory for all the states in conflict. This seemed to be the reason for its eventual rejection and replacement by the Arias Plan, which, while retaining the fundamental principles of the draft Contadora Act, was drafted in a simpler form and was given the form of an executive resolution instead of a treaty. This meant that the Plan could be enacted immediately upon signature, rather than waiting months, or perhaps a year or two, for legislative approval of the Act by the five Isthmian states. This was one of the main reasons why the Act of Contadora, after the insistence of four of the middle states that the solution take the form of a single, binding legal instrument, the same governments refused to sign it. The pressure exerted on the governments by the "backing" states, i.e., the United States on Costa Rica, El Salvador and Honduras and Cuba on Nicaragua, as well as the logical refusal of the high military commanders of the countries in question because the Act established serious limitations on military build-up, may also be mentioned as a cause. Guatemala, Honduras. El Salvador and Costa Rica, at a certain point, declared that if Nicaragua did not sign the Act, neither would they. This attitude is countered by the contention that, had those four states signed, international pressure on Nicaragua would eventually have forced it to accept the terms of the Act. Otherwise, both Europe and Canada would have withdrawn their aid programs to Nicaragua.
In 1983, developments in the Central American situation gave the impression of an escalation of the regional conflict resulting from poor economic and social conditions, as well as ideological differences similar to the East-West confrontation. The countries bordering the region - Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela - concerted their actions in order to stop the escalation of the conflict, which they saw as destabilizing for their own national security. This is how the Contadora Group came into being, These four countries, alarmed by what appeared to be a very serious deterioration of the Central American situation, met on the Island of Contadora, Republic of Panama, in January 1983, with the aim of promoting dialogue and negotiation in Central America. There they issued the Contadora Declaration. From that moment on, an attempt at conciliation and good offices began, which, when it proved insufficient, turned into a long and strenuous diplomatic mediation effort. This gradual but necessary transformation of Contadora's peaceful methodology is the subject of this work. In March of that year, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 530, which commended the Group's efforts in offering its good offices, reaffirmed the right of Central American countries to live in peace, and requested the UN Secretary General to continue to report to it. This resolution virtually formalized the Contadora Group's efforts. During the following years, the Group's management was forced to exercise formal mediation and thus be able to propose and arbitrate the drafting of a long and complex Peace Treaty that included all aspects: political, legal and military, necessary to achieve détente. After almost four years of diplomatic efforts, first by the Contadora Group alone, and then with the collaboration of the Support Group formed by Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay, the mediation entered an impasse with no return. And after fourteen months without substantial progress, in which the positions of Nicaragua on the one hand and Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica on the other were polarized, in January 1987 Contadora indicated that there was no will for peace in Central America. By that time, a Costa Rican proposal known as the Arias Plan, which would be officially presented on February 15, 1987, was already gaining some importance. The vast conception of the Treaty, called the Contadora Act, had as pillars of support two documents of great content issued, among others, the first as the "Document of Objectives" and which was drafted with great participation of the Central American states, and the second, by the Contadora Group itself, called the Caraballeda Message. The work of drafting the Act was shaping this instrument as a single, simultaneous and multilateral document, legally binding and obligatory for all the states in conflict. This seemed to be the reason for its eventual rejection and replacement by the Arias Plan, which, while retaining the fundamental principles of the draft Contadora Act, was drafted in a simpler form and was given the form of an executive resolution instead of a treaty. This meant that the Plan could be enacted immediately upon signature, rather than waiting months, or perhaps a year or two, for legislative approval of the Act by the five Isthmian states. This was one of the main reasons why the Act of Contadora, after the insistence of four of the middle states that the solution take the form of a single, binding legal instrument, the same governments refused to sign it. The pressure exerted on the governments by the "backing" states, i.e., the United States on Costa Rica, El Salvador and Honduras and Cuba on Nicaragua, as well as the logical refusal of the high military commanders of the countries in question because the Act established serious limitations on military build-up, may also be mentioned as a cause. Guatemala, Honduras. El Salvador and Costa Rica, at a certain point, declared that if Nicaragua did not sign the Act, neither would they. This attitude is countered by the contention that, had those four states signed, international pressure on Nicaragua would eventually have forced it to accept the terms of the Act. Otherwise, both Europe and Canada would have withdrawn their aid programs to Nicaragua.
Descripción
Palabras clave
AMÉRICA CENTRAL, GRUPO DE CONTADORA, PAZ, POLÍTICA EXTERIOR, RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES, ACCOUNTING GROUP, CENTRAL AMERICA, FOREIGN POLICY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, PEACE