Efectos directos e indirectos que la crisis provocada por la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha ocasionado en las empresas del sector turismo en el Cantón de Osa y Distrito de Puerto Jiménez en el 2021.
Fecha
2021
Autores
Borbón González, Mariana
Carmona Ortiz, Andrea
López Hidalgo, Karla
Vargas Ruiz, Yoselin
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el análisis de los efectos, tanto directos como indirectos, ocasionados por la pandemia de la COVID-19 en las empresas del sector turismo en el cantón de Osa y el distrito de Puerto Jiménez. El problema de investigación surgió debido a la afectación que ha provocado la pandemia en la economía a nivel mundial. El primer caso de esta enfermedad fue descubierto el 27 de diciembre del 2019 en Wuhan, China, y, a partir de ese momento, se convirtió en una de las pandemias más devastadoras de este siglo. A finales de enero del 2020, la Organización Mundial de Turismo (OMT) hizo una serie de advertencias a las autoridades mundiales para alertar sobre los daños que podía provocar esta pandemia al sistema turístico mundial, donde Costa Rica no es la excepción. Se ha demostrado, en reiteradas ocasiones, que el turismo es uno de los sectores más afectados por la pandemia, dadas las medidas implementadas por la mayoría de los países. En Costa Rica, el sector turismo es uno de los mayores generadores de divisas; además, crea oportunidades de crecimiento y desarrollo en zonas rurales por medio de la generación de empleo y el fomento en la inversión, tanto nacional como extranjera. En este contexto, la presente investigación se circunscribió al cantón de Osa y el distrito de Puerto Jiménez, perteneciente al cantón de Golfito, en el sur de Costa Rica, para precisar el impacto que han sufrido las empresas del sector turismo de esa zona y conocer las acciones implementadas y las estrategias por desarrollar con el objetivo de superar esta crisis. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar los efectos provocados por la COVID-19. Los empresarios del sector turístico del cantón de Osa y el distrito de Puerto Jiménez presentaron impactos considerables en distintos puntos como la reducción en el empleo en jornadas laborales y salariales, así como en el nivel de ingresos, rentabilidad e inversiones. Como consecuencia a estos efectos, los empresarios implementaron una serie de medidas sanitarias y estrategias de venta y comercialización con el fin de sobrellevar la crisis.
Conocer dichas estrategias de venta y comercialización le dan una idea al lector sobre lo que tuvieron que hacer los empresarios para enfrentar la pandemia desde el punto de vista económico y así evitar el cierre total de sus empresas. La mayoría de ellos debió cambiar su mercado y enfocarse en el nacional para atraer turistas por medio de atractivas ofertas, descuentos y promociones. El sector de estudio recurrió principalmente a la utilización de las redes sociales para comunicar sus productos y servicios. Por medio de la aplicación de los instrumentos se logró conocer la percepción de los empresarios, los Gobiernos locales y las instituciones no gubernamentales hacia el Estado. Esta percepción indicó cuál es el nivel de aceptación hacia las distintas acciones, estrategias e instituciones que implementó el Gobierno para la reactivación económica, que únicamente estuvo enfocada en incentivar el turismo nacional. En general, los resultados arrojaron que la percepción era negativa. Se considera que las estrategias para la reactivación económica no fueron las mejores.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects, both direct and indirect, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism sector companies in the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jimenez. The research problem arose due to the impact that the pandemic has had on the economy worldwide. The first case of this disease was discovered on December 27, 2019 in Wuhan, China, and, from that moment on, it became one of the most devastating pandemics of this century. At the end of January 2020, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) issued a series of warnings to world authorities to alert about the damage that this pandemic could cause to the world tourism system, where Costa Rica is no exception. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the pandemic, given the measures implemented by most countries. In Costa Rica, the tourism sector is one of the largest generators of foreign exchange; in addition, it creates opportunities for growth and development in rural areas through the generation of employment and the promotion of investment, both domestic and foreign. In this context, this research was limited to the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jiménez, belonging to the canton of Golfito, in southern Costa Rica, to determine the impact suffered by tourism sector companies in that area and to learn about the actions implemented and strategies to be developed in order to overcome this crisis. The results obtained made it possible to identify the effects caused by COVID-19. Entrepreneurs in the tourism sector in the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jimenez presented considerable impacts in different areas, such as the reduction in employment in terms of working hours and salaries, as well as in the level of income, profitability and investments. As a consequence of these effects, businessmen implemented a series of sanitary measures and sales and marketing strategies in order to overcome the crisis. Knowing these sales and marketing strategies gives the reader an idea of what entrepreneurs had to do to cope with the pandemic from an economic point of view and thus avoid the total closure of their businesses. Most of them had to change their market and focus on the domestic market to attract tourists through attractive offers, discounts and promotions. The study sector resorted mainly to the use of social networks to communicate their products and services. Through the application of the instruments, the perception of businessmen, local governments and non-governmental institutions towards the State was ascertained. This perception indicated the level of acceptance of the different actions, strategies and institutions implemented by the Government for economic reactivation, which was only focused on encouraging national tourism. In general, the results showed that the perception was negative. It is considered that the strategies for economic reactivation were not the best.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects, both direct and indirect, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism sector companies in the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jimenez. The research problem arose due to the impact that the pandemic has had on the economy worldwide. The first case of this disease was discovered on December 27, 2019 in Wuhan, China, and, from that moment on, it became one of the most devastating pandemics of this century. At the end of January 2020, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) issued a series of warnings to world authorities to alert about the damage that this pandemic could cause to the world tourism system, where Costa Rica is no exception. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the pandemic, given the measures implemented by most countries. In Costa Rica, the tourism sector is one of the largest generators of foreign exchange; in addition, it creates opportunities for growth and development in rural areas through the generation of employment and the promotion of investment, both domestic and foreign. In this context, this research was limited to the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jiménez, belonging to the canton of Golfito, in southern Costa Rica, to determine the impact suffered by tourism sector companies in that area and to learn about the actions implemented and strategies to be developed in order to overcome this crisis. The results obtained made it possible to identify the effects caused by COVID-19. Entrepreneurs in the tourism sector in the canton of Osa and the district of Puerto Jimenez presented considerable impacts in different areas, such as the reduction in employment in terms of working hours and salaries, as well as in the level of income, profitability and investments. As a consequence of these effects, businessmen implemented a series of sanitary measures and sales and marketing strategies in order to overcome the crisis. Knowing these sales and marketing strategies gives the reader an idea of what entrepreneurs had to do to cope with the pandemic from an economic point of view and thus avoid the total closure of their businesses. Most of them had to change their market and focus on the domestic market to attract tourists through attractive offers, discounts and promotions. The study sector resorted mainly to the use of social networks to communicate their products and services. Through the application of the instruments, the perception of businessmen, local governments and non-governmental institutions towards the State was ascertained. This perception indicated the level of acceptance of the different actions, strategies and institutions implemented by the Government for economic reactivation, which was only focused on encouraging national tourism. In general, the results showed that the perception was negative. It is considered that the strategies for economic reactivation were not the best.
Descripción
Licenciatura en administración con énfasis en gestión financiera
Palabras clave
COVID-19 (ENFERMEDAD), EPIDEMIAS, EMPRESAS, TURISMO, COVID-19 (DISEASE), EPIDEMICS, COMPANIES, TOURISM, OSA (PUNTARENAS), PUERTO JIMÉNEZ (GOLFITO)