Diagnóstico, caracterización molecular y aislamiento de especies de Chlamydia en animales domésticos y silvestres de Costa Rica
Fecha
2021-02
Autores
Solórzano Morales, Ántony
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las especies del género Chlamydia son bacterias Gram negativas intracelulares que
infectan una amplia gama de animales (aves, reptiles, anfibios y mamíferos, incluyendo
humanos), y causan una gran variedad de enfermedades. La amplia diversidad biológica
del país crea un nicho apropiado para el desarrollo de ciclos de transmisión de Chlamydia
spp., lo que representa un peligro para las especies animales y humana. En la primera parte
de esta investigación se tuvo como objetivo determinar la presencia e identificar
molecularmente las especies clamidiales presentes en aves de producción (industrial y de
traspatio) de Costa Rica. Inicialmente se implementaron las técnicas de reacción en cadena
de la polimerasa en tiempo real (qPCR) y en tiempo final (PCR) para Chlamydia spp. y C.
psittaci, seguidamente se analizaron 150 grupos de muestras de tejidos pulmonares de
aves de producción industrial con problemas respiratorios y 112 grupos de hisopados
traqueales de aves de traspatio asintomáticas con las técnicas moleculares (qPCR, PCR y
secuenciación). Un total de 16,8 % (44/262) muestras resultaron positivas a Chlamydia
spp., encontrándose sobre todo en las muestras de aves de traspatio asintomáticas (28,6
%, 32/112) y en menor cantidad en aves de producción industrial (8%, 12/150). Un 45,5 %
(20/44) de estas muestras se determinaron pertenecientes a la especie C. psittaci. En dos
pollos de producción industrial y en un pavo de traspatio se logró determinar por primera
vez, a nivel latinoamericano, la presencia de C. psittaci genotipo A. La presencia de
Chlamydia gallinacea en pollos de traspatio y de Chlamydia muridarum en pollos y pavos
de producción industrial y de traspatio se reporta por primera vez en Costa Rica y
Centroamérica. En un 40,9 % (18/44) de los casos, sin embargo, no fue posible identificar
la especie clamidial infectante. Estos hallazgos representan un riesgo especialmente para
trabajadores de granjas avícolas, mataderos y personas que tienen contacto directo con
estas aves.
El objetivo de la segunda parte del estudio fue diagnosticar y caracterizar molecularmente
las especies de Chlamydia presentes en animales domésticos y silvestres de Costa Rica.
Se recolectó un total de 333 muestras de hisopados o tejidos de animales asintomáticos
(299) y con signos clínicos (34); las cuales fueron analizadas mediante diferentes técnicas
moleculares (qPCR, PCR y secuenciación); además se implementó la técnica de
aislamiento en cultivo celular. Del total de muestras analizadas, 59 (17,7 %) resultaron
positivas a Chlamydia spp., encontrándose sobre todo en animales con enfermedad
respiratoria (50% de los casos), pero también en animales asintomáticos (14 % de los
casos). En aves se determinó un 13,9 % (28/201), en mamíferos un 25,9 % (21/81) y en
reptiles un 19,6 % (10/51) de las muestras como positivas. La especie más frecuentemente
diagnosticada fue Chlamydia psittaci genotipo A (22/59, 39 %), encontrándose por primera
vez en un gato, en un canario, en un cockatiel, en una lora, y una garza verde, aumentando
así el rango de hospederos reportados en el país. Se reporta por primera vez la presencia
de Chlamydia pneumoniae, en siete serpientes (Boa constrictor) y de Chlamydia suis en
cerdos. Estos hallazgos representan los primeros reportes a nivel centroamericano y
latinoamericano, respectivamente. Finalmente se diagnosticó la presencia de C. psittaci en
un hisopado faringeal de un humano. Los hallazgos confirman la presencia de diversas
especies de Chlamydia con potencial zoonótico en una gran variedad de animales
domésticos y silvestres que conviven con el ser humano. En vista del riesgo que
representan las clamidias para la salud pública se recomienda realizar un control activo de
enfermedades respiratorias en aves de producción, reglamentar e implementar medidas de
bioseguridad en establecimientos de exhibición y venta de animales, y descartar Chlamydia
spp. en problemas respiratorios de animales y humanos. Además, es importante
concientizar y alertar a los profesionales de la salud a considerar a las clamidias en el
diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades respiratorias.
Species of the genus Chlamydia are intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that infect a wide range of animals (birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, including humans), and cause a wide variety of diseases. The wide biological diversity of the country creates an appropriate niche for the development of transmission cycles of Chlamydia spp. spp. transmission cycles, which represent a danger for animal and human species. In the first part of this research, the objective was to determine the presence and molecular identification of the chlamydial species present in production birds (industrial and backyard) in Costa Rica. Initially, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and end-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were implemented for Chlamydia spp. and C. psittaci, then 150 sets of lung tissue samples from industrial poultry with respiratory problems and 112 sets of tracheal swabs from asymptomatic backyard poultry were analyzed with molecular techniques (qPCR, PCR and sequencing). A total of 16.8% (44/262) samples were positive for Chlamydia spp. and were mainly found in samples from asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32/112) and in samples from asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32/112). %, 32/112) and in smaller quantities in poultry from industrial production (8%, 12/150). Of these samples, 45.5 % (20/44) were determined to belong to the species C. psittaci. The presence of C. psittaci genotype A was determined for the first time in Latin America in two industrial chickens and one backyard turkey. The presence of Chlamydia gallinacea in backyard chickens and Chlamydia muridarum in industrial and backyard chickens and turkeys is reported for the first time in Costa Rica and Central America. In 40.9% (18/44) of the cases, however, it was not possible to identify the infecting chlamydial species. These findings represent a risk especially for workers in poultry farms, slaughterhouses and people who have direct contact with these birds. The objective of the second part of the study was to diagnose and molecularly characterize the Chlamydia species present in domestic and wild animals in Costa Rica. A total of 333 swab or tissue samples were collected from asymptomatic animals (299) and animals with clinical signs (34); these were analyzed by different molecular techniques (qPCR, PCR and sequencing); in addition, the cell culture isolation technique was implemented. Of the total number of samples analyzed, 59 (17.7%) were positive for Chlamydia spp. and were found mainly in animals with respiratory disease (50% of the cases), but also in asymptomatic animals (14% of the cases). In birds 13.9 % (28/201), in mammals 25.9 % (21/81) and in reptiles 19.6 % (21/81) and in reptiles 19.6 % (21/81). reptiles 19.6 % (10/51) of the samples were positive. The most frequently diagnosed species was Chlamydia psittaci genotype A (22/59, 39 %), found for the first time in a cat, a canary, a cockatiel, a parrot and a green heron, thus increasing the range of hosts reported in the country. The presence of Chlamydia pneumonia of Chlamydia pneumoniae in seven snakes (Boa constrictor) and Chlamydia suis in pigs. These findings represent the first reports in Central America and Latin America, respectively. Finally, the presence of C. psittaci was diagnosed in a pharyngeal swab from a human. The findings confirm the presence of several Chlamydia species with zoonotic potential in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals that coexist with humans and wild animals that coexist with humans. In view of the risk that chlamydiae represent for public health, it is recommended to actively control respiratory diseases in production birds, to regulate and implement biosecurity measures in establishments where animals are exhibited and sold, and to rule out Chlamydia spp. in respiratory problems in animals and humans. In addition, it is important to raise awareness and alert health professionals to consider chlamydiae in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases.
Species of the genus Chlamydia are intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that infect a wide range of animals (birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, including humans), and cause a wide variety of diseases. The wide biological diversity of the country creates an appropriate niche for the development of transmission cycles of Chlamydia spp. spp. transmission cycles, which represent a danger for animal and human species. In the first part of this research, the objective was to determine the presence and molecular identification of the chlamydial species present in production birds (industrial and backyard) in Costa Rica. Initially, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and end-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were implemented for Chlamydia spp. and C. psittaci, then 150 sets of lung tissue samples from industrial poultry with respiratory problems and 112 sets of tracheal swabs from asymptomatic backyard poultry were analyzed with molecular techniques (qPCR, PCR and sequencing). A total of 16.8% (44/262) samples were positive for Chlamydia spp. and were mainly found in samples from asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32/112) and in samples from asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32/112). %, 32/112) and in smaller quantities in poultry from industrial production (8%, 12/150). Of these samples, 45.5 % (20/44) were determined to belong to the species C. psittaci. The presence of C. psittaci genotype A was determined for the first time in Latin America in two industrial chickens and one backyard turkey. The presence of Chlamydia gallinacea in backyard chickens and Chlamydia muridarum in industrial and backyard chickens and turkeys is reported for the first time in Costa Rica and Central America. In 40.9% (18/44) of the cases, however, it was not possible to identify the infecting chlamydial species. These findings represent a risk especially for workers in poultry farms, slaughterhouses and people who have direct contact with these birds. The objective of the second part of the study was to diagnose and molecularly characterize the Chlamydia species present in domestic and wild animals in Costa Rica. A total of 333 swab or tissue samples were collected from asymptomatic animals (299) and animals with clinical signs (34); these were analyzed by different molecular techniques (qPCR, PCR and sequencing); in addition, the cell culture isolation technique was implemented. Of the total number of samples analyzed, 59 (17.7%) were positive for Chlamydia spp. and were found mainly in animals with respiratory disease (50% of the cases), but also in asymptomatic animals (14% of the cases). In birds 13.9 % (28/201), in mammals 25.9 % (21/81) and in reptiles 19.6 % (21/81) and in reptiles 19.6 % (21/81). reptiles 19.6 % (10/51) of the samples were positive. The most frequently diagnosed species was Chlamydia psittaci genotype A (22/59, 39 %), found for the first time in a cat, a canary, a cockatiel, a parrot and a green heron, thus increasing the range of hosts reported in the country. The presence of Chlamydia pneumonia of Chlamydia pneumoniae in seven snakes (Boa constrictor) and Chlamydia suis in pigs. These findings represent the first reports in Central America and Latin America, respectively. Finally, the presence of C. psittaci was diagnosed in a pharyngeal swab from a human. The findings confirm the presence of several Chlamydia species with zoonotic potential in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals that coexist with humans and wild animals that coexist with humans. In view of the risk that chlamydiae represent for public health, it is recommended to actively control respiratory diseases in production birds, to regulate and implement biosecurity measures in establishments where animals are exhibited and sold, and to rule out Chlamydia spp. in respiratory problems in animals and humans. In addition, it is important to raise awareness and alert health professionals to consider chlamydiae in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases.
Descripción
Maestría en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
BACTERIAS, BACTERIALS, ENFERMEDADES BACTERIANAS, BACTERIAL DISEASES, COSTA RICA, CHLAMYDIA