Desempeño de clones de gmelina arborea roxb. en tres sitios de la Región Huetar Norte, Costa Rica
Fecha
2022-11
Autores
Benavides Fallas, Rodrigo Alberto
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los productores en Costa Rica enfrentan una disminución en la productividad en sus fincas, lo que
les obliga a asumir costos de producción que afectan la rentabilidad de sus sistemas de producción
forestal. La melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) es una especie con potencial para el abastecimiento
sostenible de madera para el mercado nacional, además, actualmente es una de las especies de
mayor desarrollo en programas de mejoramiento genético (PMG). Esto se debe a que a través de
la silvicultura clonal es posible aumentar la productividad. La finalidad de esta investigación fue
identificar genotipos superiores de la especie en estudio, los cuales, en cuanto al sitio específico,
presenten el mejor desempeño en cuanto a (i) crecimiento, (ii) calidad y (iii) capacidad de respuesta
ante problemas fitosanitarios. En este trabajo, primero se caracterizó el desempeño de 15 genotipos
de melina que se evaluaron en dos de tres sitios y 14 genotipos en uno de los sitio, todos clase II
en la región Huetar Norte (RHN), para estimar las diferencias estadísticas y la superioridad
fenotípica (SF) de cada clon de acuerdo con su desempeño en volumen comercial (VC), calidad (C
%) y volumen comercial de calidad (VCC) y se clasificaron respecto a su susceptibilidad a la
enfermedad pudrición en el tronco. A nivel fenotípico se identificó la población potencial
comercial como los clones superiores al promedio poblacional en VCC, mientras que a nivel
genotípico se estimaron parámetros genéticos para determinar la capacidad del conjunto en cada
sitio. Posteriormente, con el objeto de determinar la existencia de una interacción genotipo-
ambiente, se dividió el conjunto en genotipos deseables y no deseables con base en la SF por su
desempeño en VCC, también se establecieron categorías de susceptibilidad a la enfermedad y se
clasificaron los clones de acuerdo con su estabilidad en el comportamiento entre sitios, al
identificar los clones especialistas por ambiente. La población potencial comercial identificada con
respecto a la totalidad de conjunto genético evaluado en sitio Upala, a los 2,8 años, corresponde al
53 % de los clones, los cuales, aumentarían la productividad en el VCC en 2,21 m3 ha-1 al realizar
una nueva plantación con estos; en sitio Cutris (5,9 años) 55 % de los clones representa una
superioridad fenotípica de 1,73 m3 ha-1 en el VCC y en sitio Guatuso (4,3 años) 61.5 % de los
genotipos impactaría en 3,24 m3 ha-1 el VCC. Para los parámetros genéticos, los mejores resultados
en heredabilidad individual (h2g), heredabilidad media del clon (h2mc) y el coeficiente de variación
genético (CVg %) se reportan para la variable VCC en todas las localidades, en el sitio Guatuso se obtuvieron los parámetros más deseables (0,14, 0,84 y 19.87 % respectivamente. Por otra parte, la
población de clones especialistas identificada fue 4, 6, 7 para Guatuso y Cutris, 8, 9 y 11 para
Guatuso y Upala, el clon 10 para Cutris, el genotipo 3 para Upala y los clones 12 y 13 para Guatuso,
asimismo, el clon 5 resultó generalista para los sitios clase II en la RHN. Se concluye que en la
región existe potencial fenotípico para impactar positivamente la rentabilidad de las unidades de
producción y los parámetros genéticos evidencian la capacidad genética de conjunto clonal
estudiado. Además, se determinó la existencia de interacción genotipo-ambiente dadas las
diferencias en el comportamiento de los genotipos a nivel fenotípico en los tres sitios de estudio.
Producers in Costa Rica are facing a decrease in productivity on their farms, which forces them to assume production costs that affect the profitability of their forest production systems. Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a species with potential for the sustainable supply of timber for the domestic market, and is currently one of the most developed species in genetic improvement programs (PMG). This is due to the fact that through clonal silviculture it is possible to increase productivity. The purpose of this research was to identify superior genotypes of the species under study, which, in terms of the specific site, present the best performance in terms of (i) growth, (ii) quality and (iii) responsiveness to phytosanitary problems. In this work, we first characterized the performance of 15 melina genotypes evaluated at two of three sites and 14 genotypes at one site, all class II in the Huetar Norte region (RHN), to estimate the statistical differences and phenotypic superiority (SF) of each clone according to their performance in commercial volume (VC), quality (C %) and commercial quality volume (VCC), and classified them with respect to their susceptibility to stem rot disease. At the phenotypic level, the potential commercial population was identified as the clones above the population average in VCC, while at the genotypic level, genetic parameters were estimated to determine the capacity of the set at each site. Subsequently, in order to determine the existence of a genotype-environment interaction, we divided the In addition, disease susceptibility categories were established and the clones were classified according to their stability in behavior between sites, identifying the specialist clones by environment. The potential commercial population identified with respect to the totality of the genetic set evaluated in Upala site, at 2.8 years, corresponds to 53% of the clones, which would increase productivity in the CCV by 2.21 m3 ha-1 when a new plantation is made with them; in Cutris site (5.9 years) 55% of the clones represent a phenotypic superiority of 1.73 m3 ha-1 in the CCV, and in Guatuso site (4.3 years) 61. 5 % of the genotypes would impact the VCC by 3.24 m3 ha-1. For genetic parameters, the best results in individual heritability (h2g), mean clone heritability (h2mc) and the coefficient of genetic variation (CVg %) are reported for the variable VCC in all locations, in the Guatuso site the most desirable parameters were obtained (0.14, 0.84 and 19.87 % respectively. On the other hand, the population of specialist clones identified were 4, 6, 7 for Guatuso and Cutris, 8, 9 and 11 for Guatuso and Upala, clone 10 for Cutris, genotype 3 for Upala and clones 12 and 13 for Guatuso, likewise, clone 5 was generalist for class II sites in the RHN. It is concluded that there is phenotypic potential in the region to positively impact the profitability of the production units and the genetic parameters show the genetic capacity of the clonal group studied. In addition, the existence of genotype-environment interaction was determined given the differences in the behavior of the genotypes at the phenotypic level in the three study sites.
Producers in Costa Rica are facing a decrease in productivity on their farms, which forces them to assume production costs that affect the profitability of their forest production systems. Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a species with potential for the sustainable supply of timber for the domestic market, and is currently one of the most developed species in genetic improvement programs (PMG). This is due to the fact that through clonal silviculture it is possible to increase productivity. The purpose of this research was to identify superior genotypes of the species under study, which, in terms of the specific site, present the best performance in terms of (i) growth, (ii) quality and (iii) responsiveness to phytosanitary problems. In this work, we first characterized the performance of 15 melina genotypes evaluated at two of three sites and 14 genotypes at one site, all class II in the Huetar Norte region (RHN), to estimate the statistical differences and phenotypic superiority (SF) of each clone according to their performance in commercial volume (VC), quality (C %) and commercial quality volume (VCC), and classified them with respect to their susceptibility to stem rot disease. At the phenotypic level, the potential commercial population was identified as the clones above the population average in VCC, while at the genotypic level, genetic parameters were estimated to determine the capacity of the set at each site. Subsequently, in order to determine the existence of a genotype-environment interaction, we divided the In addition, disease susceptibility categories were established and the clones were classified according to their stability in behavior between sites, identifying the specialist clones by environment. The potential commercial population identified with respect to the totality of the genetic set evaluated in Upala site, at 2.8 years, corresponds to 53% of the clones, which would increase productivity in the CCV by 2.21 m3 ha-1 when a new plantation is made with them; in Cutris site (5.9 years) 55% of the clones represent a phenotypic superiority of 1.73 m3 ha-1 in the CCV, and in Guatuso site (4.3 years) 61. 5 % of the genotypes would impact the VCC by 3.24 m3 ha-1. For genetic parameters, the best results in individual heritability (h2g), mean clone heritability (h2mc) and the coefficient of genetic variation (CVg %) are reported for the variable VCC in all locations, in the Guatuso site the most desirable parameters were obtained (0.14, 0.84 and 19.87 % respectively. On the other hand, the population of specialist clones identified were 4, 6, 7 for Guatuso and Cutris, 8, 9 and 11 for Guatuso and Upala, clone 10 for Cutris, genotype 3 for Upala and clones 12 and 13 for Guatuso, likewise, clone 5 was generalist for class II sites in the RHN. It is concluded that there is phenotypic potential in the region to positively impact the profitability of the production units and the genetic parameters show the genetic capacity of the clonal group studied. In addition, the existence of genotype-environment interaction was determined given the differences in the behavior of the genotypes at the phenotypic level in the three study sites.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Ciencias Forestales con énfasis en Manejo Forestal, con modalidad artículo científico.
Palabras clave
GMELINA ARBOREA, MELINA, CIENCIAS FORESTALES, FOREST SCIENCES, PRODUCTOS FORESTALES, FOREST PRODUCTS, MADERA, WOOD, SILVICULTURA, FORESTRY, FENOTIPOS, PHENOTYPES, GENÉTICA VEGETAL, PLANT GENETICS, GUATUSO (ALAJUELA), CUTRIS (SAN CARLOS), UPALA (ALAJUELA)