Abordando las desigualdades territoriales en Costa Rica: estrategias de planificación en el nivel subnacional, 1974-2018
Fecha
2020-05
Autores
Conejo Salas, José Rodrigo
Román Camacho, Ana Laura
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Luego de años de abandono en el campo de las ciencias sociales, esta investigación
sienta bases para comprender cómo se ha abordado, en las últimas cuatro décadas, un
fenómeno inalterado desde la propia creación del país: sus desigualdades territoriales
producto de la excesiva concentración de oportunidades, bienes y servicios en la Gran Área
Metropolitana, en detrimento de las periferias. Costa Rica pareciera no conocer otro patrón
de organización social, política y espacial distinto al centralismo.
El objetivo general de la presente investigación es analizar las principales estrategias
de planificación a nivel subnacional para reducir las desigualdades territoriales que ha
impulsado el Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica (Mideplán) entre
1974 y 2018. Este es el organismo rector en materia de planificación para el desarrollo
según se establece en la Ley de Planificación Nacional 5525, promulgada justamente en
1974. Se busca responder la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuáles y cómo se han
desarrollado las diferentes estrategias de planificación en el nivel subnacional, impulsadas
por Mideplán para reducir las desigualdades territoriales en Costa Rica durante el periodo
1974-2018?
Para responder esta pregunta, que a su vez define el objeto de investigación, fue
necesario elaborar un marco teórico partiendo desde un diálogo multidisciplinar. En lo
relativo al aspecto metodológico, la investigación posee un enfoque cualitativo de tipo
descriptivo-analítico, y se utiliza la entrevista semiestructurada y el análisis documental
como técnicas de investigación.
En cuanto a los principales hallazgos, la investigación permitió describir el desarrollo
de la planificación en el nivel subnacional desde 1974 hasta 2018. En términos generales,
destaca la ausencia de una política de Estado para disminuir las desigualdades territoriales
v
realizados por Mideplán. Pese que a nivel técnico existieron propuestas y alternativas para
atacar las asimetrías, estos esfuerzos no siempre gozaron de suficiente respaldo político.
Su desarrollo fue discontinuo y poco articulado ya que el vaivén político, los sesgos
ideológicos y las restricciones económicas coyunturales impidieron una adecuada
implementación.
La participación social siempre fue un flanco débil de las estrategias de planificación
subnacional identificadas. Aunque algunas sí contemplaban su importancia, en la práctica
los esfuerzos de participación mayoritariamente se quedaron en los niveles consultivo e
informativo. En términos generales, se ha evitado que las personas tuvieran una capacidad
real de incidir (niveles de decisión, cogestión y autonomía) en la definición de las estrategias
desarrolladas, lo cual se valora como una práctica negativa.
En relación con la articulación multinivel promovida entre los diferentes niveles de
planificación del ámbito subnacional (provincial, regional y territorial), esta enfrenta
importantes desafíos para desarrollarse de una forma simbiótica y fluida. Estos ámbitos
subnacionales son resultado de una inercial y discordante estructuración estatal, en donde
instancias de los siglos XIX (provincias), XX (regiones) y XXI (territorios) aún conviven en
la actualidad. La carencia de una estructura organizativa o de gobierno en los niveles
regional y territorial destaca como una debilidad para implementar las iniciativas de
planificación.
En suma, se ofrece una inédita reconstrucción que permite ponderar, con lentes
críticos y sistémicos, los esfuerzos para reducir el desarrollo geográfico desigual desde la
planificación hacia el nivel subnacional durante 44 años y 11 administraciones de gobierno
distintas; haciendo énfasis en dos elementos fundamentales que deben considerar las
políticas territoriales, la participación social y la articulación multinivel.
After years of neglect in the field of social sciences, this research lays the foundation for understanding how, in the last four decades, a phenomenon unaltered since the creation of the country: its territorial inequalities product of the excessive concentration of opportunities, goods and services in the Greater Area Metropolitan, to the detriment of the peripheries. Costa Rica seems to know no other pattern of social, political and spatial organization other than centralism. The general objective of this research is to analyze the main strategies planning at the subnational level to reduce the territorial inequalities that have promoted by the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (Mideplán) between 1974 and 2018. This is the governing body for development planning as established in the National Planning Law 5525, promulgated precisely in 1974. It seeks to answer the following research question: Which and how have they been developed the different planning strategies at the subnational level, promoted by Mideplán to reduce territorial inequalities in Costa Rica during the period 1974-2018? To answer this question, which in turn defines the object of research, it was It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework starting from a multidisciplinary dialogue. In Regarding the methodological aspect, the research has a qualitative approach of the type descriptive-analytical, and the semi-structured interview and documentary analysis are used as research techniques. Regarding the main findings, the research allowed to describe the development planning at the subnational level from 1974 to 2018. In general terms, highlights the absence of a State policy to reduce territorial inequalities v made by Mideplán. Although at a technical level there were proposals and alternatives for Attacking asymmetries, these efforts did not always enjoy sufficient political backing. Its development was discontinuous and poorly articulated since the political swing, biases ideological and temporary economic constraints prevented an adequate implementation. Social participation was always a weak flank of planning strategies identified subnational. Although some did consider its importance, in practice participation efforts mostly remained at the consultative and informative. In general terms, people have been prevented from having a capacity real influence (decision levels, co-management and autonomy) in the definition of strategies developed, which is valued as a negative practice. In relation to the multilevel articulation promoted between the different levels of planning at the subnational level (provincial, regional and territorial), it faces important challenges to develop in a symbiotic and fluid way. These scopes subnationals are the result of an inertial and discordant state structuring, where instances of the XIX (provinces), XX (regions) and XXI (territories) still coexist in the actuality. The lack of an organizational or governance structure at the levels regional and territorial stands out as a weakness to implement the initiatives of planning. In short, it offers an unprecedented reconstruction that allows weighting, with lenses critical and systemic, efforts to reduce uneven geographic development from the planning to the subnational level for 44 years and 11 government administrations different; emphasizing two fundamental elements that must be considered by territorial policies, social participation and multilevel articulation.
After years of neglect in the field of social sciences, this research lays the foundation for understanding how, in the last four decades, a phenomenon unaltered since the creation of the country: its territorial inequalities product of the excessive concentration of opportunities, goods and services in the Greater Area Metropolitan, to the detriment of the peripheries. Costa Rica seems to know no other pattern of social, political and spatial organization other than centralism. The general objective of this research is to analyze the main strategies planning at the subnational level to reduce the territorial inequalities that have promoted by the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (Mideplán) between 1974 and 2018. This is the governing body for development planning as established in the National Planning Law 5525, promulgated precisely in 1974. It seeks to answer the following research question: Which and how have they been developed the different planning strategies at the subnational level, promoted by Mideplán to reduce territorial inequalities in Costa Rica during the period 1974-2018? To answer this question, which in turn defines the object of research, it was It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework starting from a multidisciplinary dialogue. In Regarding the methodological aspect, the research has a qualitative approach of the type descriptive-analytical, and the semi-structured interview and documentary analysis are used as research techniques. Regarding the main findings, the research allowed to describe the development planning at the subnational level from 1974 to 2018. In general terms, highlights the absence of a State policy to reduce territorial inequalities v made by Mideplán. Although at a technical level there were proposals and alternatives for Attacking asymmetries, these efforts did not always enjoy sufficient political backing. Its development was discontinuous and poorly articulated since the political swing, biases ideological and temporary economic constraints prevented an adequate implementation. Social participation was always a weak flank of planning strategies identified subnational. Although some did consider its importance, in practice participation efforts mostly remained at the consultative and informative. In general terms, people have been prevented from having a capacity real influence (decision levels, co-management and autonomy) in the definition of strategies developed, which is valued as a negative practice. In relation to the multilevel articulation promoted between the different levels of planning at the subnational level (provincial, regional and territorial), it faces important challenges to develop in a symbiotic and fluid way. These scopes subnationals are the result of an inertial and discordant state structuring, where instances of the XIX (provinces), XX (regions) and XXI (territories) still coexist in the actuality. The lack of an organizational or governance structure at the levels regional and territorial stands out as a weakness to implement the initiatives of planning. In short, it offers an unprecedented reconstruction that allows weighting, with lenses critical and systemic, efforts to reduce uneven geographic development from the planning to the subnational level for 44 years and 11 government administrations different; emphasizing two fundamental elements that must be considered by territorial policies, social participation and multilevel articulation.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, PLANIFICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA, STRATEGIC PLANNING, PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA, URBAN PLANIFICATION, PLANIFICACIÓN, PLANNING