Prevalencia y determinación de los perfiles de resistencia a antibióticos de Salmonella enterica no tifoidea en la cadena de producción de cerdos para consumo humano de Costa Rica
Fecha
2022
Autores
Jiménez Madrigal, Laura Cristina
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El propósito de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la no-tifoidea Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica (desde aquí nombrada Salmonella) y los perfiles de
resistencia a los antibióticos en la cadena de producción porcina para consumo
humano en Costa Rica. Un total de 1419 muestras fueron analizadas para la
identificación y aislamiento de Salmonella de heces, linfonodos mesentéricos,
linfonodos parotídeos y canales recolectadas en cuatro de las principales plantas de
faena de Costa Rica. Los cerdos eran provenientes de 16 granjas pecuarias
distribuidas en 14 regiones geográficas del territorio costarricense. Un total de 362
aislamientos de Salmonella fueron recuperados, alcanzando una prevalencia general
en plantas de faena de cerdos de 25,5%, con diferencias significativas entre
establecimientos (p <0,05), y una prevalencia por tipo de muestra de 45,6% (162/355),
27,3% (97/355), 8,5% (30/353) y 20,5% (73/356) en heces, linfonodos mesentéricos,
linfonodos parotídeos y canal, respectivamente. Un subgrupo de 118 muestras
positivas a Salmonella fue seleccionado aleatoriamente para realizar el antibiograma.
De estos, el 52% de los aislamientos de Salmonella resultaron pansusceptibles,
mientras que el 48% mostró resistencia al menos a un antibiótico, incluyendo contra la
nitrofurantoína (82,2%), la ampicilina (28%), la ampicilina sulbactam (26%) y el
trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (11,9%). Un 13,5% (16/118) de los aislamientos analizados
presentaron patrones de resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación,
y un 9,3% (11/118) presentaron resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas, siendo ambas
clases las de elección para el tratamiento de salmonelosis humana. De gran
relevancia, un 11,9% (14/118) de los aislamientos expresaron fenotipos de
xii
multirresistencia. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran el papel del cerdo
como portador de Salmonella logrando aislarse de cuatro matrices a lo largo de la
cadena de producción porcina. Ante este escenario, la instauración de medidas de
prevención y contingencia son fundamentales para mitigar el impacto de este y otros
microorganismos transmitidos por alimentos. La vigilancia continua de Salmonella
permite evaluar el efecto de las intervenciones en granjas y plantas de faena y
monitorear el riesgo potencial para la salud pública. Por otra parte, la identificación de
aislamientos resistentes a al menos uno de los antibióticos ensayados pone en riesgo
la eficacia de los tratamientos en humanos y animales, por lo que, se resalta la
importancia del seguimiento de un plan de acción nacional que promueva el uso
correcto y racional de los antibióticos, con el fin de contener el avance de este
fenómeno y sus consecuencias.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (from here referred as Salmonella) and the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the swine production chain for human consumption in Costa Rica. A total of 1419 samples were analyzed for the identification and isolation of Salmonella from feces, mesenteric lymph nodes, parotid lymph nodes and carcasses collected in four of the main slaughterhouses of the great metropolitan area. Pigs were from 16 farms distributed across 14 geographic regions of Costa Rica. A total of 362 Salmonella isolates were identified, averaging a prevalence of 25,5% in pig slaughter plants, which was significantly different between farms (p <0,05), and a prevalence by sample type of 45,6 % (162/355), 27,3% (97/355), 8,5% (30/353), and 20,5% (73/356) in feces, mesenteric lymph nodes, parotid lymph nodes, and carcasses, respectively. A subgroup of 118 Salmonella-positive samples was randomly selected for antibiotic resistance testing (antibiogram). Of these, 52% of Salmonella isolates were pansusceptible, while 48% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, including the nitrofurantoin (82,2%), ampicillin (28%), ampicillin sulbactam (26%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11,9%). A 13,5% (16/118) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance patterns against third and fourth generation cephalosporins, and 9,3% (11/118) showed resistance to fluoroquinolones, both commonly recommended as the treatment of choice for human salmonellosis. Importantly, 11,9% (14/118) of the isolates expressed multi-resistant phenotypes. Our results showed the role of the pig as a Salmonella reservoir, recovered from four sample types along the swine production chain. Given this scenario, the establishment of prevention and contingency xiv measures are essential to mitigate the impact of this and other foodborne microorganisms. Continuous and active Salmonella surveillance programs are necessary to evaluate the impact of the interventions used in farms and slaughter plants. These programs would strengthen the monitoring of potential risk to public health associated with the consumption of pork products that could be contaminated with these bacteria. On the other hand, the identification of resistant and multiresistant isolates in the present study is an important finding that can potentially jeopardize the public health by decreasing the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments in humans and animals. Therefore, a contingency national plan is highly recommended to promote the correct and rational use of antibiotics, to decelerate the advance of this phenomenon and its consequences.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (from here referred as Salmonella) and the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the swine production chain for human consumption in Costa Rica. A total of 1419 samples were analyzed for the identification and isolation of Salmonella from feces, mesenteric lymph nodes, parotid lymph nodes and carcasses collected in four of the main slaughterhouses of the great metropolitan area. Pigs were from 16 farms distributed across 14 geographic regions of Costa Rica. A total of 362 Salmonella isolates were identified, averaging a prevalence of 25,5% in pig slaughter plants, which was significantly different between farms (p <0,05), and a prevalence by sample type of 45,6 % (162/355), 27,3% (97/355), 8,5% (30/353), and 20,5% (73/356) in feces, mesenteric lymph nodes, parotid lymph nodes, and carcasses, respectively. A subgroup of 118 Salmonella-positive samples was randomly selected for antibiotic resistance testing (antibiogram). Of these, 52% of Salmonella isolates were pansusceptible, while 48% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, including the nitrofurantoin (82,2%), ampicillin (28%), ampicillin sulbactam (26%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11,9%). A 13,5% (16/118) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance patterns against third and fourth generation cephalosporins, and 9,3% (11/118) showed resistance to fluoroquinolones, both commonly recommended as the treatment of choice for human salmonellosis. Importantly, 11,9% (14/118) of the isolates expressed multi-resistant phenotypes. Our results showed the role of the pig as a Salmonella reservoir, recovered from four sample types along the swine production chain. Given this scenario, the establishment of prevention and contingency xiv measures are essential to mitigate the impact of this and other foodborne microorganisms. Continuous and active Salmonella surveillance programs are necessary to evaluate the impact of the interventions used in farms and slaughter plants. These programs would strengthen the monitoring of potential risk to public health associated with the consumption of pork products that could be contaminated with these bacteria. On the other hand, the identification of resistant and multiresistant isolates in the present study is an important finding that can potentially jeopardize the public health by decreasing the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments in humans and animals. Therefore, a contingency national plan is highly recommended to promote the correct and rational use of antibiotics, to decelerate the advance of this phenomenon and its consequences.
Descripción
Modalidad: Tesis
Palabras clave
SALMONELLA, CERDO, PIG, SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, FOOD SECURITY