Evaluación del impacto del manejo de fertilización convencional y orgánico del cultivo de piña (Ananas comosus) sobre la generación de GEI, en ultisoles de la zona de Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica
Fecha
2021-02
Autores
Coto Brenes, Sofía
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El cultivo de la piña ha aumentado en el país por su alta demanda en el comercio exterior. Por consiguiente, el uso de agroquímicos ha incrementado, modificando el suelo, y ocasionando cambios físicos, químicos y biológicos en este, lo cual genera gases de efecto invernadero como: dióxido de carbono, metano y óxido nitroso. Evaluar las condiciones del suelo del cultivo de piña, por medio de la medición de gases de efecto invernadero en época seca y lluviosa para la comparación del impacto de dos tipos de manejo agrícola y bosque, como sistema línea base. La selección de los sitios de muestreo se realizó por medio de una entrevista. Posteriormente, se recolectó 500 g de suelo en parcelas de (20 x 40) m para el análisis químico. Luego, se tomaron las muestras de gases por medio de dos técnicas: cámara estática y analizador de gases continuo (LGR), durante la época seca y época lluviosa (2018 y 2019), en las dos técnicas se extrajo 12 ml de aire con una jeringa en distintos tiempos (0, 10, 20, 30 y 40) min. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software MINITAB STATISTICAL 19. Los flujos de CO2 medidos en el bosque tuvieron los valores más altos (456 a 735) mg/m2 *d, seguido por el manejo orgánico (280 a 718) mg/m2 * d y finalmente el manejo convencional (187 a 428) mg/m2 * d. Los flujos de N2O variaron entre épocas y el manejo orgánico tuvo datos superiores en la época lluviosa (11 a 161) mg/m2 * d y el bosque en época seca (3 a 76) mg/m2 * d. Los flujos de CH4 fueron no detectables en esta investigación. Los flujos de CO2 tuvieron una correlación positiva con la materia orgánica y la concentración de carbono, la cual varió ligeramente entre las épocas. Las condiciones climáticas influyeron en la generación de N2O, además los altos valores en el manejo orgánico, tuvieron influencian por el uso de acolchado plástico, el cual genera microclimas 2 y favorece la actividad microbiana
The pineapple cultivation has increased in the country due to the high demand of it in foreign trade. Consequently, the use of agrochemicals increases, modifying the soil, and causing physical, chemical, and biological changes in it, which generates greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Evaluate the soil conditions of the pineapple crop, by measuring greenhouse gases in the dry and rainy season to compare the impact of two types of agricultural and forest management, as a baseline system. The selection of the sampling sites was carried out through an interview. Subsequently, the soil sampling was made in plots of (20 x 40) m, 500 g of soil was taken for chemical analysis. Then, the gas samples were taken by two techniques: static chamber and continuous gas analyzer (LGR), during the dry season and rainy season (2018-2019), in both techniques 12 ml of air was extracted with a syringe at different times (0, 10, 20, 30 y 40) min. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using the MINITAB STATISTICAL 19 software. The forest got the highest values of CO2 fluxes (456 to 735) mg/m2 *d, followed by organic handling (280 to 718) mg/m2 * d, and conventional handling (187 to 428) mg/m2 * d. The N2O fluxes had changed between season and organic pineapple plantation had higher peak during the rainy season (11 to 16) mg/m2 * d and the forest in the dry season (3 a 76) mg/m2 * d. CH4 fluxes were not detectable in this investigation. The CO2 fluxes were related with carbon in soil, which varied slightly between the seasons. The climatic conditions influenced the generation of N2O, in addition the high flows of this gas in the organic pineapple plantation could have been influenced by the use of plastic mulch, which generates microclimates and stimulate microbial activity
The pineapple cultivation has increased in the country due to the high demand of it in foreign trade. Consequently, the use of agrochemicals increases, modifying the soil, and causing physical, chemical, and biological changes in it, which generates greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Evaluate the soil conditions of the pineapple crop, by measuring greenhouse gases in the dry and rainy season to compare the impact of two types of agricultural and forest management, as a baseline system. The selection of the sampling sites was carried out through an interview. Subsequently, the soil sampling was made in plots of (20 x 40) m, 500 g of soil was taken for chemical analysis. Then, the gas samples were taken by two techniques: static chamber and continuous gas analyzer (LGR), during the dry season and rainy season (2018-2019), in both techniques 12 ml of air was extracted with a syringe at different times (0, 10, 20, 30 y 40) min. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using the MINITAB STATISTICAL 19 software. The forest got the highest values of CO2 fluxes (456 to 735) mg/m2 *d, followed by organic handling (280 to 718) mg/m2 * d, and conventional handling (187 to 428) mg/m2 * d. The N2O fluxes had changed between season and organic pineapple plantation had higher peak during the rainy season (11 to 16) mg/m2 * d and the forest in the dry season (3 a 76) mg/m2 * d. CH4 fluxes were not detectable in this investigation. The CO2 fluxes were related with carbon in soil, which varied slightly between the seasons. The climatic conditions influenced the generation of N2O, in addition the high flows of this gas in the organic pineapple plantation could have been influenced by the use of plastic mulch, which generates microclimates and stimulate microbial activity
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Gestión Ambiental, modalidad artículo científico
Palabras clave
ANANAS COMOSUS, SUELO, SOIL, MINERALOGIA DE SUELOS, SOIL MINERALOGY, EFECTO INVERNADERO, GREENHOUSE EFFECT, GASES, GAS, SARAPIQUÍ (HEREDIA), COSTA RICA