Hemoparásitos en equinos de la Unidad de la Policía Montada del Ministerio de Seguridad Pública de Costa Rica
Fecha
2021-08-20
Autores
Arguedas Herrera, Jessica Eugenia
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los hemoparásitos son microoganismos que parasitan distintas células sanguíneas causando enfermedades tanto en animales como en humanos. En zonas tropicales como Costa Rica, la transmisión de estos se favorece por la abundancia de artrópodos hematófagos que actúan como vectores mecánicos. Los principales signos clínicos son fiebre, inapetencia, ictericia, edemas, hemorragias y alteraciones hematológicas como trombocitopenia y anemia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la presencia de parásitos sanguíneos (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia caballi, Theileria equi y Trypanosoma evansi) en los equinos de la Unidad de la Policía Montada de Costa Rica y la relación con su estado general de salud. Los 41 equinos se sometieron a un examen clínico, seguidamente se tomaron muestras sanguíneas y de ectoparásitos. De los animales se recolectó además el historial clínico (padecimientos previos y resultados de hemogramas recientes). El ADN de las muestras fue extraído y analizado mediante diferentes protocolos de la técnica reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) convencional o en tiempo real. Ocho (19,5%) equinos resultaron positivos a hemoparásitos, en dos animales se detectó la presencia de una sospechosa nueva especie de Anaplasma, aún no determinada, en dos equinos infección doble de esta especie de Anaplasma con B. caballi, dos animales presentaron infección con B. caballi, otro con T. equi, en un equino se determinó una especie de Ehrlichia nueva, y en un caso solamente se pudo detectar la presencia de Anaplasmataceae. El grupo de 15 moscas Stomoxys calcitrans recolectadas resultaron positivas a B. caballi. La secuenciación de dos de las muestras positivas de Anaplasma spp. sugieren que se trata de una especie no antes descrita en el continente americano. Los equinos PCR positivos presentaron anemia en ausencia de signos clínicos, por lo que se asume que cursaron con infecciones subclínicas. Sin embargo, también los animales PCR negativos mostraron anemia. Se reporta la presencia de Anaplasma spp. y Ehrlichia spp. en equinos, más estudios son necesarios para determinar las especies. Además, se reporta por primera vez a nivel mundial la presencia de B. caballi en moscas S. calcitrans, se recomienda determinar el papel de las moscas de establo como vectores de hemoparásitos en equinos. Finalmente, se recomienda investigar las causas de anemia en los equinos de la Unidad de la Policía Montada de Costa Rica y controlar las moscas y los hemoparásitos mediante un manejo integral.
Hemoparasites are microorganisms that parasitize different blood cells causing disease in both, animals and humans. In tropical areas such as Costa Rica, their transmission is favored by the abundance of hematophagous arthropods that act as mechanical vectors. The main clinical signs are fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, edema, hemorrhage, and hematologic abnormalities such as thrombocytopenia and anemia. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of blood parasites (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia caballi, Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi) in the equines of the Mounted Police Unit of Costa Rica and the relationship with their general condition of health. The 41 equines underwent a clinical examination, followed by collection of blood and ectoparasite samples. The clinical history of the animals was also obtained (previous ailments and recent blood count results). The DNA of the samples was extracted and analyzed using different protocols of conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Eight (19.5%) horses were positive for hemoparasites, in two animals the presence of a new species of Anaplasma, not yet determined, was detected, in two equines double infection of this Anaplasma species and B. caballi was determined, two horses presented B. caballi infection, another T. equi infection, one horse infected with a new Ehrlichia species., and in one case only the presence of Anaplasmataceae could be detected. The group of 15 Stomoxys calcitrans flies collected were positive for B. caballi. Sequencing of two of the Anaplasma samples suggest that it is a new species not previously described in the American continent. The PCR positive xiii horses presented anemia in the absence of clinical signs, so it is assumed that they had subclinical infections. However, PCR negative animals also showed anemia. The presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. is reported in horses, more studies are necessary to determine the species. In addition, the presence of B. caballi in Stomoxys calcitrans flies is reported for the first time in the world. It is recommended to determine the role of S. calcitrans flies as vectors of hemoparasites in horses. Finally, it is recommended to investigate the causes of anemia in the equines analyzed and to control flies and haemoparasites through comprehensive management.
Hemoparasites are microorganisms that parasitize different blood cells causing disease in both, animals and humans. In tropical areas such as Costa Rica, their transmission is favored by the abundance of hematophagous arthropods that act as mechanical vectors. The main clinical signs are fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, edema, hemorrhage, and hematologic abnormalities such as thrombocytopenia and anemia. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of blood parasites (Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia caballi, Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi) in the equines of the Mounted Police Unit of Costa Rica and the relationship with their general condition of health. The 41 equines underwent a clinical examination, followed by collection of blood and ectoparasite samples. The clinical history of the animals was also obtained (previous ailments and recent blood count results). The DNA of the samples was extracted and analyzed using different protocols of conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Eight (19.5%) horses were positive for hemoparasites, in two animals the presence of a new species of Anaplasma, not yet determined, was detected, in two equines double infection of this Anaplasma species and B. caballi was determined, two horses presented B. caballi infection, another T. equi infection, one horse infected with a new Ehrlichia species., and in one case only the presence of Anaplasmataceae could be detected. The group of 15 Stomoxys calcitrans flies collected were positive for B. caballi. Sequencing of two of the Anaplasma samples suggest that it is a new species not previously described in the American continent. The PCR positive xiii horses presented anemia in the absence of clinical signs, so it is assumed that they had subclinical infections. However, PCR negative animals also showed anemia. The presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. is reported in horses, more studies are necessary to determine the species. In addition, the presence of B. caballi in Stomoxys calcitrans flies is reported for the first time in the world. It is recommended to determine the role of S. calcitrans flies as vectors of hemoparasites in horses. Finally, it is recommended to investigate the causes of anemia in the equines analyzed and to control flies and haemoparasites through comprehensive management.
Descripción
Modalidad: Tesis
Palabras clave
CABALLOS, HORSES, PARÁSITOS, PARASITES, ANAPLASMATACEAE, EHRLICHIA, BABESIA, ECTOPARÁSITOS, TRYPANOSOMA