Impacto financiero para la Municipalidad de Atenas de una posible implementación de parquímetros viales
Fecha
2019
Autores
Rojas Castro, Karen
Oconitrillo Brenes, Marta
Castro Hernández, Viviana
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El crecimiento vehicular, aumento de la población y extensión de la infraestructura, han desatado
una crisis vial en toda Costa Rica, la cual ha generado un problema de congestionamiento en las
principales rutas nacionales. Por este motivo, la capital costarricense ocupa el segundo lugar entre
las ciudades de América Latina con mayor cantidad de transporte privado y un alto costo por
kilómetro.
El cantón de Atenas y sus principales vías no son la excepción a estos problemas nacionales que
aquejan a la sociedad costarricense. Los entes activos del cantón han tomado medidas como
cambio de vías y señalización, sin embargo, esto no ha solucionado la problemática, por lo tanto,
la Municipalidad de Atenas ha mostrado interés en los parquímetros viales, pues los considera una
alternativa innovadora para atender el congestionamiento vial.
Por esta razón, el presente estudio tiene como tema principal determinar el impacto financiero para
la Municipalidad de Atenas de una posible implementación de parquímetros viales, el cual
desarrollaron Karen Rojas Castro, Marta Oconitrillo Brenes y Viviana Castro Hernández,
estudiantes que aspiran al grado de Licenciatura de Gestión Financiera en la Universidad Nacional.
Este trabajo pretende responder al objetivo principal, el cual consiste en analizar el impacto
financiero para la Municipalidad de Atenas de una posible implementación de parquímetros, con
el fin de ofrecerle una solución a la problemática vial del cantón central. Para esto, se definieron
las siguientes interrogantes:
● ¿Cuáles son las características y condiciones del entorno vial del cantón central de Atenas
que pueden repercutir en la implementación de parquímetros?
● ¿Cuál es el costo total para realizar una implementación correcta de parquímetros en el
cantón central de Atenas?
● ¿Cuáles son las municipalidades nacionales que actualmente cuentan con estructuras de
parquímetros que permiten generar oportunidades de mercado en la implementación?
● ¿Cuál es la rentabilidad financiera que generaría el proyecto de implementación de
parquímetros para la Municipalidad de Atenas?
Después de analizar detalladamente los temas en los objetivos del presente estudio, se definen las
siguientes variables y sus indicadores:
La primera variable fue el entorno vial, este punto se evaluó a partir de los siguientes indicadores:
calles con mayor congestionamiento, cantidad de vehículos que ingresan y transitan por las
principales vías y cantidad de vehículos mal estacionados. La segunda variable fue costos, algunos
indicadores fueron: experiencia y garantía de los oferentes, características del producto y costo
total de la inversión. Como tercera variable se estudió la estructura del negocio y los indicadores
utilizados fueron: calidad y aceptación del producto, además, de los beneficios y oportunidades de
mejora. Como cuarta variable se analizó la rentabilidad financiera y se evaluó el índice de
rentabilidad, ingreso bruto y aceptación del producto.
Como resultado del análisis de la investigación, se determinó una afluencia de aproximadamente
1267 vehículos que circulan por el cantón central de Atenas. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a
oficiales de tránsito, para conocer su opinión sobre el problema vial. A partir de las estadísticas
nacionales se detectó que las multas por mal estacionamiento en el 2018 aumentaron un 132 % en
comparación con el 2013. Por otro lado, se analizaron dos proveedores nacionales con experiencia
en parquimetría: Setex Aparki S. A. y Datasys Group S. A. y se investigaron dos municipalidades
que cuentan con esta alternativa, entre estas: la Municipalidad de San José y la de Grecia.
Finalmente, se analizó la rentabilidad financiera que este proyecto le proporcionaría al
ayuntamiento.
El análisis de datos determinó que la inversión que debe realizar la municipalidad es mínima, ya
que solo debe incurrir en gastos de señalización vertical y horizontal, pues la mayoría de las
empresas encargadas de brindar el servicio de parquimetría ofrecen el modelo de costos llave en
mano que beneficia al cliente. Esto evita asumir costos por daño, mantenimiento o desecho,
además, el municipio obtendrá los ingresos económicos a través del pago de los espacios utilizados
y de las infracciones por haber ocupado un espacio sin pagarlo o por exceder el tiempo pagado.
El socio tecnológico realizará cobros mensuales a la municipalidad, según los ingresos obtenidos, se establece una relación de 60 % - 40 %, es decir, el oferente recibirá el 60 % de las ganancias
mensuales y la municipalidad el 40 %. Esto al considerar que la inversión la debe realizar el
oferente y el municipio debe encargarse de la fiscalización y los oficiales de parquimetría.
El costo del servicio es un elemento fundamental para medir la aceptación y éxito del proyecto,
considerando que actualmente no existe ningún estacionamiento privado en el cantón de Atenas,
el grupo investigador decidió establecer dos tarifas: ₡500.00 y ₡750.00, a partir de los parámetros
que obtuvieron mayor aceptación en la encuesta realizada a los posibles usuarios. Con la tarifa de
₡500.00 se obtendrá una ganancia anual aproximada de ₡129,816,350.50, mientras que, al asignar
la tarifa de ₡750.00 la municipalidad tendrá un ingreso anual aproximado de ₡219,292,234.50.
De acuerdo con el análisis de este trabajo de investigación se concluyó que el cantón central de
Atenas tiene un problema de ordenamiento vial, no solo por un aumento en la flota vehicular, sino
que también se presentan problemas de mal estacionamiento, poco o nula señalización y
demarcación e irrespeto de conductores, que afectan a cientos de usuarios. Además, se concluyó
que el modelo de costo llave en mano que brindan los oferentes se considera autosostenible e
integral, ya que, es un generador de ingresos directos, mediante el cobro por el uso del espacio de
parqueos públicos e infracciones.
Según la experiencia de otras municipalidades que han implementado parquímetros se concluyó
que los principales beneficios para las ciudades son: ordenamiento vial, ingresos económicos,
genera empleabilidad, reduce contaminación del aire, financiamiento de la policía municipal y
cámaras de seguridad, aplicación segura y eficiente, entre otros. Mientras que el mayor obstáculo
es la resistencia al cambio y descontento del usuario al cobrarles por un espacio que creían les
pertenecía. En el aspecto financiero se llegó a la conclusión de que el proyecto es rentable para la
Municipalidad de Atenas.
El grupo investigador planteó una serie de recomendaciones que debe analizar la municipalidad
en detalle para una mejor implementación del proyecto, entre las cuales se pueden mencionar: se
recomienda evaluar la experiencia y garantía de otros oferentes que brinden el servicio de
parquimetría en el territorio nacional. La municipalidad no cuenta con un órgano que administre
un servicio de parquímetros, sin embargo, se sugiere que las funciones de fiscalización recaigan en la Dirección Urbana, ligado a Control Vial, con el fin de no aumentar la estructura
administrativa de la municipalidad y del mismo modo los costos. Además, se recomienda iniciar
con una campaña de divulgación, comunicación e importancia de este tipo de implementaciones
al usuario y, finalmente, se recomienda que las ganancias originadas por los parquímetros se
inviertan en la mejora y mantenimiento de calles, mejorar la señalización vertical y horizontal,
financiar la policía municipal, esto para que los fondos se utilicen en mejoras tangibles al usuario.
El equipo de investigación propone el desarrollo de la implementación de llave en mano bajo un
modelo de cambio cultural y de migración a ciudad inteligente, en el que se brinde un
acompañamiento al personal de la municipalidad.
Vehicle growth, population increase and infrastructure extension have unleashed a road crisis throughout Costa Rica, which has generated a congestion problem on the main national routes. For this reason, the Costa Rican capital ranks second among Latin American cities with the highest amount of private transportation and a high cost per kilometer. The canton of Atenas and its main roads are no exception to these national problems that afflict Costa Rican society. The active entities of the canton have taken measures such as change of roads and signaling, however, this has not solved the problem, therefore, the Municipality of Atenas has shown interest in road parking meters, since it considers them an innovative alternative to attend to the road congestion. For this reason, the main theme of this study is to determine the financial impact for the Municipality of Atenas of a possible implementation of road parking meters, which was developed by Karen Rojas Castro, Marta Oconitrillo Brenes and Viviana Castro Hernández, students who aspire to the Bachelor's degree of Financial Management at the National University. This work aims to respond to the main objective, which consists of analyzing the financial impact for the Municipality of Atenas of a possible implementation of parking meters, in order to offer a solution to the road problems of the central canton. For this, the following questions were defined: ● What are the characteristics and conditions of the road environment of the central canton of Atenas that may affect the implementation of parking meters? ● What is the total cost for a successful implementation of parking meters in the central canton of Atenas? ● Which are the national municipalities that currently have parking meter structures that allow generating market opportunities in the implementation? ● What is the financial profitability that the parking meter implementation project would generate for the Municipality of Atenas? After analyzing in detail the topics in the objectives of this study, the following variables and their indicators are defined: The first variable was the road environment, this point was evaluated from the following indicators: streets with greater congestion, number of vehicles that they enter and travel through the main roads and number of badly parked vehicles. The second variable was costs, some indicators were: experience and guarantee of the bidders, characteristics of the product and total cost of the investment. As a third variable, the business structure was studied and the indicators used were: quality and acceptance of the product, as well as the benefits and opportunities for improvement. As the fourth variable, financial profitability was analyzed and the profitability index, gross income and product acceptance were evaluated. As a result of the analysis of the investigation, an influx of approximately 1,267 vehicles circulating through the central canton of Athens was determined. In addition, interviews were conducted with traffic officials to find out their opinion on the road problem. Based on national statistics, it was detected that fines for poor parking in 2018 increased by 132% compared to 2013. On the other hand, two national providers with experience in parking metering were analyzed: Setex Aparki SA and Datasys Group SA and they investigated two municipalities that have this alternative, among them: the Municipality of San José and that of Grecia. Finally, the financial profitability that this project would provide to the city council was analyzed. The data analysis determined that the investment to be made by the municipality is minimal, since it only has to incur vertical and horizontal signage expenses, since most of the companies in charge of providing the parking metering service offer the turnkey cost model that benefits the customer. This avoids assuming costs for damage, maintenance or disposal, in addition, the municipality will obtain economic income through the payment of the spaces used and the infractions for having occupied a space without paying it or for exceeding the paid time. The technological partner will make monthly charges to the municipality, according to the income obtained, a relationship of 60% - 40% is established, that is, the bidder will receive 60% of the monthly profits and the municipality 40%. This when considering that the investment must be made by the bidder and the municipality must be in charge of the inspection and the parking meter officers. The cost of the service is a fundamental element to measure the acceptance and success of the project, considering that currently there is no private parking in the canton of Atenas, the research group decided to establish two rates: ₡ 500.00 and ₡ 750.00, based on the parameters that obtained greater acceptance in the survey carried out with possible users. With the rate of ₡ 500.00, an approximate annual profit of ₡ 129,816,350.50 will be obtained, while, by assigning the rate of ₡ 750.00, the municipality will have an approximate annual income of ₡ 219,292,234.50. According to the analysis of this research work, it was concluded that the central canton of Atenas has a road management problem, not only due to an increase in the vehicle fleet, but also problems of poor parking, little or no signaling and demarcation and disrespect of drivers, which affect hundreds of users. In addition, it was concluded that the turnkey cost model provided by the bidders is considered self-sustaining and comprehensive, since it is a generator of direct income, by charging for the use of public parking space and infractions. According to the experience of other municipalities that have implemented parking meters, it was concluded that the main benefits for cities are: road regulation, economic income, generates employability, reduces air pollution, financing of municipal police and security cameras, safe and efficient application, among others. While the biggest obstacle is resistance to change and user discontent when charging them for a space that they believed belonged to them. In the financial aspect, it was concluded that the project is profitable for the Municipality of Atenas. The research group made a series of recommendations that the municipality should analyze in detail for a better implementation of the project, among which we can mention: it is recommended to evaluate the experience and guarantee of other bidders who provide the parking meter service in the national territory. The municipality does not have a body that administers a parking meter service, however, it is suggested that the control functions fall to the Urban Directorate, linked to Road Control, in order not to increase the administrative structure of the municipality and of the same cost mode. In addition, it is recommended to start with a campaign for the dissemination, communication and importance of this type of implementation to the user and, finally, it is recommended that the profits generated by the parking meters are invested in the improvement and maintenance of streets, improving vertical and horizontal signage , finance the municipal police, this so that the funds are used in tangible improvements to the user. The research team proposes the development of a turnkey implementation under a model of cultural change and migration to a smart city, in which an accompaniment is provided to the municipality's staff.
Vehicle growth, population increase and infrastructure extension have unleashed a road crisis throughout Costa Rica, which has generated a congestion problem on the main national routes. For this reason, the Costa Rican capital ranks second among Latin American cities with the highest amount of private transportation and a high cost per kilometer. The canton of Atenas and its main roads are no exception to these national problems that afflict Costa Rican society. The active entities of the canton have taken measures such as change of roads and signaling, however, this has not solved the problem, therefore, the Municipality of Atenas has shown interest in road parking meters, since it considers them an innovative alternative to attend to the road congestion. For this reason, the main theme of this study is to determine the financial impact for the Municipality of Atenas of a possible implementation of road parking meters, which was developed by Karen Rojas Castro, Marta Oconitrillo Brenes and Viviana Castro Hernández, students who aspire to the Bachelor's degree of Financial Management at the National University. This work aims to respond to the main objective, which consists of analyzing the financial impact for the Municipality of Atenas of a possible implementation of parking meters, in order to offer a solution to the road problems of the central canton. For this, the following questions were defined: ● What are the characteristics and conditions of the road environment of the central canton of Atenas that may affect the implementation of parking meters? ● What is the total cost for a successful implementation of parking meters in the central canton of Atenas? ● Which are the national municipalities that currently have parking meter structures that allow generating market opportunities in the implementation? ● What is the financial profitability that the parking meter implementation project would generate for the Municipality of Atenas? After analyzing in detail the topics in the objectives of this study, the following variables and their indicators are defined: The first variable was the road environment, this point was evaluated from the following indicators: streets with greater congestion, number of vehicles that they enter and travel through the main roads and number of badly parked vehicles. The second variable was costs, some indicators were: experience and guarantee of the bidders, characteristics of the product and total cost of the investment. As a third variable, the business structure was studied and the indicators used were: quality and acceptance of the product, as well as the benefits and opportunities for improvement. As the fourth variable, financial profitability was analyzed and the profitability index, gross income and product acceptance were evaluated. As a result of the analysis of the investigation, an influx of approximately 1,267 vehicles circulating through the central canton of Athens was determined. In addition, interviews were conducted with traffic officials to find out their opinion on the road problem. Based on national statistics, it was detected that fines for poor parking in 2018 increased by 132% compared to 2013. On the other hand, two national providers with experience in parking metering were analyzed: Setex Aparki SA and Datasys Group SA and they investigated two municipalities that have this alternative, among them: the Municipality of San José and that of Grecia. Finally, the financial profitability that this project would provide to the city council was analyzed. The data analysis determined that the investment to be made by the municipality is minimal, since it only has to incur vertical and horizontal signage expenses, since most of the companies in charge of providing the parking metering service offer the turnkey cost model that benefits the customer. This avoids assuming costs for damage, maintenance or disposal, in addition, the municipality will obtain economic income through the payment of the spaces used and the infractions for having occupied a space without paying it or for exceeding the paid time. The technological partner will make monthly charges to the municipality, according to the income obtained, a relationship of 60% - 40% is established, that is, the bidder will receive 60% of the monthly profits and the municipality 40%. This when considering that the investment must be made by the bidder and the municipality must be in charge of the inspection and the parking meter officers. The cost of the service is a fundamental element to measure the acceptance and success of the project, considering that currently there is no private parking in the canton of Atenas, the research group decided to establish two rates: ₡ 500.00 and ₡ 750.00, based on the parameters that obtained greater acceptance in the survey carried out with possible users. With the rate of ₡ 500.00, an approximate annual profit of ₡ 129,816,350.50 will be obtained, while, by assigning the rate of ₡ 750.00, the municipality will have an approximate annual income of ₡ 219,292,234.50. According to the analysis of this research work, it was concluded that the central canton of Atenas has a road management problem, not only due to an increase in the vehicle fleet, but also problems of poor parking, little or no signaling and demarcation and disrespect of drivers, which affect hundreds of users. In addition, it was concluded that the turnkey cost model provided by the bidders is considered self-sustaining and comprehensive, since it is a generator of direct income, by charging for the use of public parking space and infractions. According to the experience of other municipalities that have implemented parking meters, it was concluded that the main benefits for cities are: road regulation, economic income, generates employability, reduces air pollution, financing of municipal police and security cameras, safe and efficient application, among others. While the biggest obstacle is resistance to change and user discontent when charging them for a space that they believed belonged to them. In the financial aspect, it was concluded that the project is profitable for the Municipality of Atenas. The research group made a series of recommendations that the municipality should analyze in detail for a better implementation of the project, among which we can mention: it is recommended to evaluate the experience and guarantee of other bidders who provide the parking meter service in the national territory. The municipality does not have a body that administers a parking meter service, however, it is suggested that the control functions fall to the Urban Directorate, linked to Road Control, in order not to increase the administrative structure of the municipality and of the same cost mode. In addition, it is recommended to start with a campaign for the dissemination, communication and importance of this type of implementation to the user and, finally, it is recommended that the profits generated by the parking meters are invested in the improvement and maintenance of streets, improving vertical and horizontal signage , finance the municipal police, this so that the funds are used in tangible improvements to the user. The research team proposes the development of a turnkey implementation under a model of cultural change and migration to a smart city, in which an accompaniment is provided to the municipality's staff.
Descripción
Palabras clave
ATENAS (ALAJUELA), GOBIERNO LOCAL, ESTACIONAMIENTO DE AUTOMOVILES, GESTIÓN FINANCIERA, RENTABILIDAD, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, CAR PARKING, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, PROFITABILITY