Análisis de vida productiva y optimización de políticas de descarte en vacas lecheras de Costa Rica
Archivos
Fecha
2003
Autores
Cedeño Quevedo, Darío Alejandro
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En el primer artículo se analizó el efecto de factores raciales y de manejo sobre
la longitud de la vida productiva en ganado lechero de Costa Rica utilizando la
metodología de análisis de sobrevivencia. Se analizó información proveniente de fincas
lecheras, abarcando el periodo comprendido entre 1985 hasta 2002, e incluyendo los
grupos raciales Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Pardo Suizo, ½Holstein × ½Jersey, Bos
indicus × Pardo Suizo y Holstein × Pardo Suizo. La curva de sobrevivencia del grupo
Bos indicus × Pardo Suizo fue más baja que la de los demás grupos, producto de
mayores tasas de descarte. La curva de sobrevivencia del grupo Holstein x Pardo Suizo
fue más elevada que la de los demás grupos, debido a menores tasas de descarte. Las
curvas de los demás grupos fueron muy similares. Se compararon además las curvas de
sobrevivencia de fincas de ganado Holstein. Se observó un rango de variación en la
vida productiva esperada desde 3.2±0.08 años hasta 6.3±0.22 años. La variabilidad
observada entre fincas fue mayor que entre razas, lo que parece indicar que los factores
ambientales tienen mayor efecto que los factores raciales sobre la vida productiva. La
proporción de descartes involuntarios fue alta en todas las fincas, oscilando entre un
51.3 hasta 83.7%. Se concluye que existe una alta variación en la vida productiva
esperada de la población estudiada, la cual es principalmente causada por la gran
variación existente en las tasas de descarte involuntario, y en menor grado debido a
factores raciales.
En el segundo artículo se estiman políticas óptimas de descarte para cuatro
grupos raciales de ganado bovino lechero de Costa Rica, utilizando programación
dinámica evaluado en un horizonte de tiempo de 15 años, tomando en cuenta la
producción, condiciones y circunstancias del mercado en Costa Rica. Las razas Holstein
y Jersey son intensivamente utilizadas para producción de leche en las partes altas y los
grupos raciales Pardo Suizo y Holstein x Pardo Suizo animales de doble propósito que
se adaptan a las condiciones del trópico seco y húmedo. La vida productiva óptima para
la raza Holstein fue de 50.9 meses, correspondiente a una tasa de reemplazo anual y de
descarte voluntario de 23.6% y 11.7% respectivamente. En Jersey fue de 54.7 meses con tasas de reemplazo de 21.9% y descarte voluntario de 11.7%. Para el grupo Pardo
Suizo el óptimo fue de 58.0 meses con tasas de reemplazo anual de 20.7% y descarte
voluntario de 11.7% y finalmente para el grupo racial Holstein×Pardo Suizo de 52.4
meses con tasas de reemplazo anual y descarte voluntario de 22.9% y 13.7%
respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos bajo las condiciones descritas en los módulos
para cada grupo racial muestran una vida productiva óptima inferior a lo encontrado en
vida productiva esperada. Las probabilidades bajas de descartes involuntarios y de
concepción son una razón para encontrar diferencias en cuanto a vida productiva óptima
y esperada. El descarte voluntario fue inferior en el presente trabajo debido
principalmente a las probabilidades bajas de concepción.
In the first article, the effect of racial and management factors on the length of productive life in Costa Rican dairy cattle was analyzed using on the length of productive life in Costa Rican dairy cattle using survival analysis survival analysis methodology. Data from dairy farms were analyzed for the period from 1985 to 2002, and including the Holstein, Jersey, and Jersey breed groups. Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, ½Holstein × ½Jersey, Bos indicus × Brown Swiss and Holstein × Brown Swiss. The survival curve of the group The survival curve of the Bos indicus × Brown Swiss group was lower than that of the other groups, due to higher discard rates. higher discard rates. The survival curve of the Holstein × Brown Swiss group was higher than that of the other groups. group was higher than the other groups, due to lower discard rates. The curves of the other groups were very similar. Survival curves of Holstein x Brown Swiss survival curves of Holstein cattle farms were also compared. A range of variation in expected productive expected productive life from 3.2±0.08 years to 6.3±0.22 years. The variability The variability observed between farms was greater than between breeds, which seems to indicate that environmental factors have a greater effect than breed factors. environmental factors have a greater effect on productive life than breed factors. The The proportion of involuntary discards was high on all farms, ranging from 51.3 to 83.7%. 51.3 to 83.7%. It is concluded that there is a high variation in the expected productive life of the population studied. expected productive life of the population studied, which is mainly caused by the large variation in discard rates. variation in involuntary culling rates, and to a lesser degree due to racial factors. racial factors. In the second article, optimal culling policies are estimated for four breed groups of cattle. groups of dairy cattle in Costa Rica, using dynamic programming, evaluated over a evaluated over a time horizon of 15 years, taking into account the production, market conditions and production, conditions and market circumstances in Costa Rica. The Holstein and Jersey breeds and Jersey breeds are intensively used for milk production in the highlands, and the Brown Swiss and Brown Swiss Holstein and Jersey breeds are intensively used for milk production in the highlands, and the Brown Swiss and Holstein x Brown Swiss breed groups are dual-purpose animals that adapted to dry and humid tropical conditions. The optimum productive life for the Holstein Holstein breed was 50.9 months, corresponding to an annual replacement rate and voluntary discard rate of 23.6% and 23.6% for the Holstein breed. and voluntary discard rate of 23.6% and 11.7%, respectively. In Jersey it was 54.7 months with replacement rates of 21.9% and voluntary discard of 11.7%. For the Brown Swiss Browns the optimum was 58.0 months with annual replacement rates of 20.7% and voluntary discard of 11.7%. 11.7% and finally for the Holstein×Swiss Brown breed group, 52.4 months with annual replacement rates and voluntary discard of 11.7%. months with annual replacement and voluntary discard rates of 22.9% and 13.7%, respectively. respectively. The results obtained under the conditions described in the modules for each breed group show a productive life of 52.4 months. for each breed group show an optimal productive life lower than the expected productive life. expected productive life. The low probabilities of involuntary discard and conception are one reason for the differences found in the expected productive life. The low probabilities of involuntary discards and conception are a reason for finding differences in optimal and expected productive life. and expected productive life. Voluntary discard was lower in the present work mainly due to the low probabilities of conception. mainly due to the low probabilities of conception.
In the first article, the effect of racial and management factors on the length of productive life in Costa Rican dairy cattle was analyzed using on the length of productive life in Costa Rican dairy cattle using survival analysis survival analysis methodology. Data from dairy farms were analyzed for the period from 1985 to 2002, and including the Holstein, Jersey, and Jersey breed groups. Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, ½Holstein × ½Jersey, Bos indicus × Brown Swiss and Holstein × Brown Swiss. The survival curve of the group The survival curve of the Bos indicus × Brown Swiss group was lower than that of the other groups, due to higher discard rates. higher discard rates. The survival curve of the Holstein × Brown Swiss group was higher than that of the other groups. group was higher than the other groups, due to lower discard rates. The curves of the other groups were very similar. Survival curves of Holstein x Brown Swiss survival curves of Holstein cattle farms were also compared. A range of variation in expected productive expected productive life from 3.2±0.08 years to 6.3±0.22 years. The variability The variability observed between farms was greater than between breeds, which seems to indicate that environmental factors have a greater effect than breed factors. environmental factors have a greater effect on productive life than breed factors. The The proportion of involuntary discards was high on all farms, ranging from 51.3 to 83.7%. 51.3 to 83.7%. It is concluded that there is a high variation in the expected productive life of the population studied. expected productive life of the population studied, which is mainly caused by the large variation in discard rates. variation in involuntary culling rates, and to a lesser degree due to racial factors. racial factors. In the second article, optimal culling policies are estimated for four breed groups of cattle. groups of dairy cattle in Costa Rica, using dynamic programming, evaluated over a evaluated over a time horizon of 15 years, taking into account the production, market conditions and production, conditions and market circumstances in Costa Rica. The Holstein and Jersey breeds and Jersey breeds are intensively used for milk production in the highlands, and the Brown Swiss and Brown Swiss Holstein and Jersey breeds are intensively used for milk production in the highlands, and the Brown Swiss and Holstein x Brown Swiss breed groups are dual-purpose animals that adapted to dry and humid tropical conditions. The optimum productive life for the Holstein Holstein breed was 50.9 months, corresponding to an annual replacement rate and voluntary discard rate of 23.6% and 23.6% for the Holstein breed. and voluntary discard rate of 23.6% and 11.7%, respectively. In Jersey it was 54.7 months with replacement rates of 21.9% and voluntary discard of 11.7%. For the Brown Swiss Browns the optimum was 58.0 months with annual replacement rates of 20.7% and voluntary discard of 11.7%. 11.7% and finally for the Holstein×Swiss Brown breed group, 52.4 months with annual replacement rates and voluntary discard of 11.7%. months with annual replacement and voluntary discard rates of 22.9% and 13.7%, respectively. respectively. The results obtained under the conditions described in the modules for each breed group show a productive life of 52.4 months. for each breed group show an optimal productive life lower than the expected productive life. expected productive life. The low probabilities of involuntary discard and conception are one reason for the differences found in the expected productive life. The low probabilities of involuntary discards and conception are a reason for finding differences in optimal and expected productive life. and expected productive life. Voluntary discard was lower in the present work mainly due to the low probabilities of conception. mainly due to the low probabilities of conception.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
VACAS, COWS, HOLSTEIN, JERSEY, PRODUCCION LECHERA, MILK PRODUCTION, COSTA RICA