Efecto de factores genéticos y ambientales sobre lesiones podales en el ganado lechero de Costa Rica
Fecha
2017-04
Autores
Solano López, Marvin Jaroht
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de factores genéticos y
ambientales sobre la ocurrencia de lesiones podales (LP) en ganado lechero de Costa
Rica. Se analizó información histórica proveniente de 358 hatos, 130 844 vacas y 417
895 lactancias. Se identificaron 21 682 vacas afectadas y 29 434 lactancias con al menos
un caso LP. Las frecuencias relativas de LP fueron de 7% y 16,7% por lactancia y por
vaca, respectivamente. El promedio a nivel de hatos fue de 5,6%. La tasa de incidencia
general fue de 0,26 eventos por cada 1000 días a riesgo, con un promedio a nivel de hatos
de 0,25. Las patologías podales más frecuentes fueron la separación de la línea blanca
(34,3%), laminitis (13,2) y úlcera de la suela (12,7%). Mediante análisis de Chi-cuadrado
de tablas bivariadas se determinó una asociación significativa entre las LP y las variables
número de parto, zona, raza, mes de parto, año de parto, tipo de parto, estadio de la
lactancia y tamaño del hato. Se observaron mayores incidencias de LP en vacas
multíparas, zonas bosque húmedo pre montano y bosque húmedo montano, razas Pardo
Suizo y Holstein×Pardo Suizo, meses de parto entre mayo y setiembre, periodo de parto
1995 a 1999, partos anormales, estadios iníciales (meses 1 a 4) de lactancia y en hatos
más grandes. Seguidamente, los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo de
regresión logística que consideró efectos fijos de zona, hato dentro de zona, número de
parto, tipo de parto, tipo racial, año y mes de parto, estadio de la lactancia y tamaño del
hato; además del efecto aleatorio de la vaca. Todos los factores, con excepción del tipo
de parto, presentaron efecto altamente significativo sobre LP. Los grupos de mayor
propensión a sufrir eventos de LP fueron las vacas de 4 partos (OR=1,29), de la zona
bosque húmedo pre-montano (OR=1,76), de razas Holstein (OR=1,77), durante el mes
de marzo (OR=1,20), en el periodo 1995 a 1999 (OR=1,73), en segundo mes de lactancia
(OR=22,2) y procedentes de hatos con más de 100 vacas (OR=1,22). Diferencias de hasta
30% en probabilidad de ocurrencia de LP se detectaron entre hatos. Los eventos de LP se
analizaron además con dos modelos genéticos animales: lineal (asumiendo distribución
normal) y de umbral (asumiendo distribución binomial). Los estimados de heredabilidad
para LP obtenidos por ambos modelos fueron bajos, con valores de 0,02±0,002 y
0,05±0,005, para los modelos lineal y de umbral, respectivamente; mientras que los
estimados de repetibilidad fueron 0,03±0,001 y 0,05, respectivamente. Los valores de cría
para propensión a LP oscilaron entre -0,05 y 0,12 según el modelo lineal y entre -0,50 y
0,99 según el modelo de umbral. Los resultados pueden ser utilizados para el desarrollo
de programas preventivos que permitan reducir la incidencia de LP en los hatos lecheros.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genetic and environmental factors on the occurrence of foot injuries (FI) in Costa Rican dairy cattle. Historical data from 358 herds, 130 844 cows and 417 895 lactations were analyzed. A total of 21,682 affected cows and 29,434 lactations with at least one FI case were identified. The relative frequencies of FI were 7% and 16.7%, per lactation or cow, respectively. The average frequency at herd level was 5.6%. Overall incidence rate was 0.26 events per 1000 days at risk, with an average of 0.25 at the herd level. Most common injuries were the separation of the white line (34.3%), laminitis (13.2%) and sole ulcer (12.7%). Chi-square analysis performed on bivariate tables showed significant association between FI and parity, agro ecological zones, breed, month/year of birth, calving difficulty, stage of lactation and herd size. Higher FI incidence rates were found for multiparous cows, from Montane/Pre-Montane humid forest regions, Brown Swiss and Holstein×Brown Swiss breed types, calving in months between May and September, birth years 1995 to 1999, with abnormal calving, in initial stages of lactation (months 1- 4) and pertaining to larger herds. Subsequently, FI events were analyzed using a logistic regression model that considered fixed effects of zone, herd within zone, calving number, calving status, breed type, year and month of calving, lactation stage, and herd size; besides the random effect of the cow. All factors, except the calving status, had a highly significant effect on FI. The groups with the highest propensity to suffer FI events were cows in the fourth calving (OR =1.29), from the pre-montane wet forest zone (OR=1.76), Holstein breed (OR=1.77), in the period 1995 to 1999 (OR=1.73), in the second month of lactation (OR=22.2) and from herds with more than 100 cows (OR=1.22). Differences up to 30% in probability of occurrence of FI were detected between herds. FI events were also analyzed with two animal genetic models: linear (assuming normal distribution) and threshold (assuming binomial distribution). The heritability estimates for FI obtained by both models were low, with values of 0.02 ± 0.002 and 0.05 ± 0.005, for the linear and threshold models, respectively; while the repeatability estimates were 0.03 ± 0.001 and 0.05, respectively. Breeding values for FI propensity ranged from -0.05 to 0.12 according to the linear model and from -0.50 to 0.99 according to the threshold model. The results can be used for the development of preventive programs to reduce the incidence of FI in dairy farms.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genetic and environmental factors on the occurrence of foot injuries (FI) in Costa Rican dairy cattle. Historical data from 358 herds, 130 844 cows and 417 895 lactations were analyzed. A total of 21,682 affected cows and 29,434 lactations with at least one FI case were identified. The relative frequencies of FI were 7% and 16.7%, per lactation or cow, respectively. The average frequency at herd level was 5.6%. Overall incidence rate was 0.26 events per 1000 days at risk, with an average of 0.25 at the herd level. Most common injuries were the separation of the white line (34.3%), laminitis (13.2%) and sole ulcer (12.7%). Chi-square analysis performed on bivariate tables showed significant association between FI and parity, agro ecological zones, breed, month/year of birth, calving difficulty, stage of lactation and herd size. Higher FI incidence rates were found for multiparous cows, from Montane/Pre-Montane humid forest regions, Brown Swiss and Holstein×Brown Swiss breed types, calving in months between May and September, birth years 1995 to 1999, with abnormal calving, in initial stages of lactation (months 1- 4) and pertaining to larger herds. Subsequently, FI events were analyzed using a logistic regression model that considered fixed effects of zone, herd within zone, calving number, calving status, breed type, year and month of calving, lactation stage, and herd size; besides the random effect of the cow. All factors, except the calving status, had a highly significant effect on FI. The groups with the highest propensity to suffer FI events were cows in the fourth calving (OR =1.29), from the pre-montane wet forest zone (OR=1.76), Holstein breed (OR=1.77), in the period 1995 to 1999 (OR=1.73), in the second month of lactation (OR=22.2) and from herds with more than 100 cows (OR=1.22). Differences up to 30% in probability of occurrence of FI were detected between herds. FI events were also analyzed with two animal genetic models: linear (assuming normal distribution) and threshold (assuming binomial distribution). The heritability estimates for FI obtained by both models were low, with values of 0.02 ± 0.002 and 0.05 ± 0.005, for the linear and threshold models, respectively; while the repeatability estimates were 0.03 ± 0.001 and 0.05, respectively. Breeding values for FI propensity ranged from -0.05 to 0.12 according to the linear model and from -0.50 to 0.99 according to the threshold model. The results can be used for the development of preventive programs to reduce the incidence of FI in dairy farms.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, GANADO DE LECHE, RIESGO, LESIONES, ENFERMEDADES DE LOS PIES, MILK CATTLE, RISK, INJURIES, FOOT DISEASES