Factores ambientales, genéticos y de manejo que afectan la circunferencia escrotal y el peso corporal de toretes cebú en Costa Rica
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Fecha
2018-03
Autores
Víquez Céspedes, Carolina
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En la presente tesis, se analizó el efecto de factores ambientales y genéticos sobre la
circunferencia escrotal (CE) y el peso corporal (PC) en toretes cebú. En un primer estudio se
determinó el efecto de los factores ambientales sobre dichas variables en animales de las
razas Nellore (n=124) y Brahman (n=485) provenientes de 11 fincas de la región Pacífico
Norte de Costa Rica. Las variables fueron analizadas mediante un Modelo Lineal Mixto
Generalizado (GLMM). El promedio de PC±DE (kg) a los 7 y 24 meses de edad,
respectivamente, fue de 215±38,5 y 467±96,7 (Brahman) y de 197±33,2 y 461±60,3
(Nellore). El promedio de CE±DE (cm) a los 7 y 24 meses de edad, respectivamente, fue de
15,8±1,6 y 31,5±3,5 (Brahman) y de 14,3±1,3 y 30,6±2,8 (Nellore). En relación a PC, los
efectos de edad del animal, edad y peso del animal al destete, plano nutricional y hato, así
como las interacciones hato×edad y plano nutricional×edad, presentaron efectos altamente
significativos (P<0,001). La época de nacimiento y edad de la madre al parto tuvieron un
efecto significativo (P<0,05). Con respecto a CE, los efectos de edad del animal, edad y peso
del animal al destete, plano nutricional, hato, así como las interacciones hato×edad, plano
nutricional×edad y edad de la madre×edad presentaron efectos altamente significativos
(P<0,01 y P<0,001). Los animales que presentaron un mejor desarrollo en PC y CE fueron
aquellos sometidos a un plano nutricional con mayor suplementación energética, con
políticas de destete menor a los 7 meses de edad, con mayores pesos al destete e hijos de
vacas menores de 8 años. Estas variables tuvieron efectos estadísticamente significativos a
diferentes edades del periodo de estudio. El destete temprano aunado a la optimización de las
prácticas nutricionales tiene efectos positivos sobre el desarrollo de novillos en fincas de
carne. En un segundo estudio se estimaron índices de heredabilidad (h2
) y correlaciones
genéticas (rg) para las variables PC y CE, con mediciones secuenciales desde los 7 hasta los
24 meses, en 485 toretes Brahman procedentes de 8 hatos, mediante un modelo animal
bivariado de regresión aleatoria (MRA) y un modelo animal multivariado (MMV). Ambos
modelos consideraron los efectos fijos de hato-año de nacimiento, época de nacimiento,
plano nutricional, edad de destete y número de parto de la madre, además de los efectos
aleatorios de ambiente permanente (solo para MRA) y el efecto genético aditivo del animal.
La genealogía fue de 3000 animales distribuidos en 7 generaciones. Los promedios de h2 6
para CE y PC fueron de 0,58 y 0,85 (MRA), respectivamente y 0,49 y 0,55 (MMV),
respectivamente. Según ambos modelos los mayores valores de h2
para PC se obtuvieron a
los 10 y 11 meses de edad y para CE a los 7, 11 y 22 meses de edad (MMV) y a los 18 y 20
(MRA). Las rg entre mediciones de PC a distintas edades oscilaron entre 0,67 y 1 (MRA) y
entre 0,61 y 0,99 (MMV). En cuanto a la CE, las rg oscilaron entre 0,43 y 1 (MRA) y entre
0,13 y 1 (MMV). Las rg entre mediciones de PC y CE variaron entre 0,55 y 0,94 (MRA). La
utilización rutinaria de metodologías para realizar evaluaciones genéticas y productivas de
los reproductores debe ser aplicada en la selección de estos animales, para realizar
estimaciones más precisas de los diversos factores que pueden afectar su desarrollo
productivo y reproductivo, principalmente en etapas claves como el destete. Además, los
altos valores de h2
para PC (0,91 y 0,61 a los 10 meses y 0,92 y 0,57 a los 11 meses para
MMV y MRA; respectivamente) y CE (0,75, 0,70 y 0,71 a los 7, 11 y 22 meses de edad según
el MMV y 0,68 y 0,72 a los 18 y 20 meses edad según el MRA) y las rg positivas entre ambos
rasgos (1,0 entre los 7 y 8 meses y 0,9 entre los 10 y 11 meses), sugieren que la selección
para PC y CE se puede hacer desde edades tempranas.
This research assessed the effect of environmental and genetic factors on the scrotal circumference (SC) and body weight (BW) in Zebu steers. In a first study, the effect of environmental factors on BW and SC of Nellore (n = 124) and Brahman (n = 485) steers from 11 herds in the North Pacific region of Costa Rica was evaluated. The variables were analyzed using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). The average of BW±SD (kg) at 7 and 24 months of age, respectively, was 215±38.5 and 467±96.7 (Brahman) and 197±33.2 and 461±60.3 (Nellore). The average of SC±SD (cm) at 7 and 24 months of age, respectively, was 15.8±1.6 and 31.5±3.5 (Brahman) and 14.3±1.3 and 30.6±2.8 (Nellore). In relation to BW, the effects of age, age and weight to weaning, nutritional level and herd, as well as the interactions of herd×age and nutritional level×age, had highly significant effects (P<0.001). The season of birth and age of the mother at birth had a significant effect (P<0.05). With regard to SC, the effects of age, age and weight to weaning, nutritional level, herd, as well as interactions of herd×age, nutritional level×age and age of the mother× age had highly significant effects (P<0.01, P<0.001). Animals with better development of BW and SC were those that were manage in a nutritional diet with high energy level, weaning at early age of 7 months, higher weaning weights and sons of cows under 8 years, presented a better development from 7 to 24 months. Early weaning coupled with the optimization of nutritional practices has positive effects on the development of beef steers. In a second study, heritability (h2 ) and genetic correlations (GC) were estimated for BW and SC with sequential measurements from 7 to 24 months, in 485 Brahman bulls from 8 herds, by a Random Regression Bivariate Animal Model (RRAM) and a Multivariate Animal Model (MVM). Both models considered fixed effects of hear-year of birth, season of birth, nutritional level, weaning age and number of births of the mother, in addition the random effects of permanent environmental (only for RRAM) and the additive genetic effect of the animal. Genealogy was constituted by 3000 animals distributed in 7 generations. The average of h2 for CE and PC were 0.58 and 0.85 (RRAM), respectively and 0.49 and 0.55 (MVM), respectively. According to both models the highest values of h2 for BW were obtained at 10 and 11 months of age and for SC at the age of 7, 11 and 22 months (MVM) and at 18 and 20 (RRAM). The GC between measurements of BW at different ages ranged from 0.67 to 1 (RRAM) and 0.61-0.99 (MVM). For the SC, the GC ranged from 0.43 to 1 (RRAM) and between 0.13 and 1 (MVM). The GC between BW and SC measurements varied between 0.55 and 0.94 (RRAM). The routine use of methodologies to perform productive and genetic evaluations of steers should be applied in the selection of these animals, to make more precise estimates of the many factors that affect the development of both productive and reproductive traits, mainly in crucial stages such the weaning and puberty. In addition, high values of h2 of BW (0.91, 0.61 at 10 months; 0.92, 0,57 at 11 months for the MVM and RRAM; respectively) and SC (0.75, 0.70 and 0.71 at 7, 11 and 22 months for the MVM; 0.68 and 0.72 at 18 and 20 months for the RRAM) and the positive GC (1.0 between 7-8 months; 0.9 between 10-11 months) between both traits, suggest that selection for BW and SC can be made at early ages.
This research assessed the effect of environmental and genetic factors on the scrotal circumference (SC) and body weight (BW) in Zebu steers. In a first study, the effect of environmental factors on BW and SC of Nellore (n = 124) and Brahman (n = 485) steers from 11 herds in the North Pacific region of Costa Rica was evaluated. The variables were analyzed using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). The average of BW±SD (kg) at 7 and 24 months of age, respectively, was 215±38.5 and 467±96.7 (Brahman) and 197±33.2 and 461±60.3 (Nellore). The average of SC±SD (cm) at 7 and 24 months of age, respectively, was 15.8±1.6 and 31.5±3.5 (Brahman) and 14.3±1.3 and 30.6±2.8 (Nellore). In relation to BW, the effects of age, age and weight to weaning, nutritional level and herd, as well as the interactions of herd×age and nutritional level×age, had highly significant effects (P<0.001). The season of birth and age of the mother at birth had a significant effect (P<0.05). With regard to SC, the effects of age, age and weight to weaning, nutritional level, herd, as well as interactions of herd×age, nutritional level×age and age of the mother× age had highly significant effects (P<0.01, P<0.001). Animals with better development of BW and SC were those that were manage in a nutritional diet with high energy level, weaning at early age of 7 months, higher weaning weights and sons of cows under 8 years, presented a better development from 7 to 24 months. Early weaning coupled with the optimization of nutritional practices has positive effects on the development of beef steers. In a second study, heritability (h2 ) and genetic correlations (GC) were estimated for BW and SC with sequential measurements from 7 to 24 months, in 485 Brahman bulls from 8 herds, by a Random Regression Bivariate Animal Model (RRAM) and a Multivariate Animal Model (MVM). Both models considered fixed effects of hear-year of birth, season of birth, nutritional level, weaning age and number of births of the mother, in addition the random effects of permanent environmental (only for RRAM) and the additive genetic effect of the animal. Genealogy was constituted by 3000 animals distributed in 7 generations. The average of h2 for CE and PC were 0.58 and 0.85 (RRAM), respectively and 0.49 and 0.55 (MVM), respectively. According to both models the highest values of h2 for BW were obtained at 10 and 11 months of age and for SC at the age of 7, 11 and 22 months (MVM) and at 18 and 20 (RRAM). The GC between measurements of BW at different ages ranged from 0.67 to 1 (RRAM) and 0.61-0.99 (MVM). For the SC, the GC ranged from 0.43 to 1 (RRAM) and between 0.13 and 1 (MVM). The GC between BW and SC measurements varied between 0.55 and 0.94 (RRAM). The routine use of methodologies to perform productive and genetic evaluations of steers should be applied in the selection of these animals, to make more precise estimates of the many factors that affect the development of both productive and reproductive traits, mainly in crucial stages such the weaning and puberty. In addition, high values of h2 of BW (0.91, 0.61 at 10 months; 0.92, 0,57 at 11 months for the MVM and RRAM; respectively) and SC (0.75, 0.70 and 0.71 at 7, 11 and 22 months for the MVM; 0.68 and 0.72 at 18 and 20 months for the RRAM) and the positive GC (1.0 between 7-8 months; 0.9 between 10-11 months) between both traits, suggest that selection for BW and SC can be made at early ages.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible.
Palabras clave
TORO, COSTA RICA, REPRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL, ANIMAL REPRODUCTION, CEBU, PESO CORPORAL, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, GENÉTICA ANIMAL, BODY WEIGHT, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ANIMAL GENETICS