Estudio bioeconómico del efecto de la fertilización quimica versus organica sobre la producción del pasto camerún (Pennisetum purpureum) en la finca Montezuma, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
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Fecha
2006-06
Autores
Santos Montoya, Hector Alejandro
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la factibilidad bioeconómica del uso de estiércol
bovino para fertilización de pasto Camerún (pennisetum purpureum) en la hacienda Montezuma,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. El primer estudio tiene por objetivo encontrar la edad al corte en la que
el pasto fertilizado con las distintas combinaciones de estiércol y urea presenta adecuados
contenidos de proteína cruda, digestibilidad, energía digerible y producción de materia seca y
fresca por unidad de área; así como determinar el nivel de fertilización nitrogenada al cual se
maximice la producción y se mantenga las mejores características de calidad nutricional en el
forraje. Para esto se usaron diferentes proporciones relativas de 25/75, 50/50 y 75/25
(orgánico/químico); combinadas con el uso de dosis de nitrógeno de 0 (testigo), 300 y 600
Kg/N/ha/año. Los anteriores tratamientos se evaluaron en tres distintas edades de corte: 50, 70 y
90 días. Las variables evaluadas fueron contenido de PC, ED, producción de materia verde y
seca, altura, relación hoja tallo y las variaciones en la composición botánica de la pastura. La
altura en el pasto fue más alta a los 90 días con 2.19 m. Los tratamientos también tuvieron efecto
sobre la altura presentada, siendo el tratamiento T30050 el que tuvo mayor altura con 2.03 m. En
la relación hoja tallo los cambios observados se deben por los días a corte y hubo una mayor
relación a los 50 y 90 días a corte con valores de 2.16 y 2.10 respectivamente. La mayor
producción en base seca se obtuvo a los 70 días a corte. El tratamiento más productivo,
corresponde al T30075 el cual produjo 9511.11 Kg/MS/ha/corte. El más alto contenido PC y ED
se obtuvo con el tratamiento de T60075 con el que se alcanzó un 15.47 % de PC y 2.05 Mcal/Kg
respectivamente. La mejor digestibilidad se obtuvo a los 50 días a corte, y los tratamientos que
presentaron el mejor porcentaje fueron el T60025, T60075, T60050 y T30075. En el segundo
estudio se determinó cuál es la edad al corte y el nivel de uso óptimo de fertilizante orgánico
tomando en cuenta el beneficio y costos para determinar la opción técnica y económicamente
viable. Para esto se determinaron los ingresos marginales (IM) y costos marginales (CM)
asociados a las actividades de fertilización y se evalúo mediante un análisis de beneficio costo
(B/C), que permitió escoger el mejor tratamiento. Se hizo un análisis de costos por cada
tratamiento que involucra insumos, mano de obra, fletes, maquinaria y los costos de fertilizantes.
El ingreso marginal por tratamiento se determinó por unidad de área siendo el resultado de la
producción marginal (sin el testigo) en kilogramos de materia verde por hectárea por semestre,
gracias a la fertilización, multiplicado por el precio de venta por kilogramo (5 ¢/Kg./MV).
También se realizo un análisis de sensibilidad utilizando técnicas de modelación estocástica. Los
ingresos marginales obtenidos fueron mayores en el tratamiento T3007570 alcanzando los
¢175,148 ha/semestre. El mayor costo de fertilización se obtuvo con el tratamiento T60075 con
un valor de ¢ 238,382 ha/semestre y el menor costo de fertilización se obtuvo con el tratamiento
T30025 con un valor de ¢ 62,785 ha/semestre. El tratamiento que obtuvo la mejor relación
beneficio costo fue el T3007570 con un índice de 1.47 (D.E.=0.66). El tratamiento más
productivo, con índices de calidad aceptables y con mejor relación B/C corresponde al
tratamiento con T3007570; por lo que se considera el más viable técnica y económicamente para
realizar un plan de fertilización del pasto Camerún.
The objective of this study was to determine the bioeconomic feasibility of using bovine manure for fertilization of Cameroon grass (pennisetum purpureum) on the Montezuma ranch. manure for fertilization of Cameroon grass (pennisetum purpureum) on the Montezuma ranch, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The first study aims to find the age at mowing at which the grass fertilized with the different the grass fertilized with different combinations of manure and urea presents adequate crude protein, digestibility crude protein content, digestibility, digestible energy and dry and fresh matter production per unit area, as well as the and fresh matter production per unit area; as well as to determine the level of nitrogen fertilization at which production is maximized and maximize production and maintain the best nutritional quality characteristics in the forage. forage. For this purpose, different relative proportions of 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 (organic/chemical) were used. (organic/chemical); combined with the use of nitrogen doses of 0 (control), 300 and 600 kg/N/ha/year. Kg/N/ha/year. The above treatments were evaluated at three different cutting ages: 50, 70 and 90 days. 90 days. The variables evaluated were CP content, DE, green and dry matter production, height, leaf-stem dry matter production, height, leaf-stem ratio and variations in the botanical composition of the pasture. The height in the pasture was highest at 90 days with 2.19 m. The treatments also had an effect on the height on the height presented, being the T30050 treatment the one with the highest height at 2.03 m. At the changes observed in the leaf-stem ratio were due to the number of days to cutting, and there was a higher ratio at 50 and 90 days to cutting. and 90 days after cutting with values of 2.16 and 2.10, respectively. The highest dry The highest production on a dry basis was obtained at 70 days to cutting. The most productive treatment, corresponds to T30075 which produced 9511.11 Kg/MS/ha/cut. The highest CP and ED was obtained with the T60075 treatment, which achieved 15.47 % CP and 2.05 Mcal/Kg respectively. The best digestibility was obtained at 50 days after cutting, and the treatments with the best percentage were T60075 and T60075. treatments with the best percentages were T60025, T60075, T60050 and T30075. In the second the age at cutting and the optimum level of use of organic fertilizer were determined, taking into account the benefit and costs for and costs in order to determine the technically and economically viable option. viable option. For this purpose, the marginal income (MI) and marginal costs (MC) associated with the fertilization and associated with the fertilization activities were determined and evaluated by means of a benefit-cost (B/C) analysis, which allowed the choice of the most appropriate (B/C), which allowed the best treatment to be chosen. A cost analysis was made for each treatment The marginal income per treatment was determined by the cost of inputs, labor, freight, machinery and fertilizer costs. The marginal income per treatment was determined per unit of area, being the result of the marginal production (without the control) in marginal production (without the control) in kilograms of green matter per hectare per semester, multiplied by the selling price per kilogram (5 ¢/Kg./MV). A sensitivity analysis was also performed using stochastic modeling techniques. The The marginal revenue obtained was higher in treatment T3007570, reaching ¢175,148 ha/s. ¢175,148 ha/semester. The highest fertilization cost was obtained with treatment T60075 with a value of ¢ 238,000,000 ha/semester. 238,382 ha/semester and the lowest fertilization cost was obtained with treatment T30025 with a value of ¢ 238,382 ha/semester. T30025 with a value of ¢ 62,785 ha/semester. The treatment that obtained the best cost-benefit cost-benefit ratio was T3007570 with an index of 1.47 (S.D.=0.66). The most productive treatment The most productive treatment, with acceptable quality indexes and the best B/C ratio was the treatment with T3007570. The most productive treatment, with acceptable quality indexes and the best B/C ratio corresponds to the treatment with T3007570. fertilization plan for Cameroon grass.
The objective of this study was to determine the bioeconomic feasibility of using bovine manure for fertilization of Cameroon grass (pennisetum purpureum) on the Montezuma ranch. manure for fertilization of Cameroon grass (pennisetum purpureum) on the Montezuma ranch, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The first study aims to find the age at mowing at which the grass fertilized with the different the grass fertilized with different combinations of manure and urea presents adequate crude protein, digestibility crude protein content, digestibility, digestible energy and dry and fresh matter production per unit area, as well as the and fresh matter production per unit area; as well as to determine the level of nitrogen fertilization at which production is maximized and maximize production and maintain the best nutritional quality characteristics in the forage. forage. For this purpose, different relative proportions of 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 (organic/chemical) were used. (organic/chemical); combined with the use of nitrogen doses of 0 (control), 300 and 600 kg/N/ha/year. Kg/N/ha/year. The above treatments were evaluated at three different cutting ages: 50, 70 and 90 days. 90 days. The variables evaluated were CP content, DE, green and dry matter production, height, leaf-stem dry matter production, height, leaf-stem ratio and variations in the botanical composition of the pasture. The height in the pasture was highest at 90 days with 2.19 m. The treatments also had an effect on the height on the height presented, being the T30050 treatment the one with the highest height at 2.03 m. At the changes observed in the leaf-stem ratio were due to the number of days to cutting, and there was a higher ratio at 50 and 90 days to cutting. and 90 days after cutting with values of 2.16 and 2.10, respectively. The highest dry The highest production on a dry basis was obtained at 70 days to cutting. The most productive treatment, corresponds to T30075 which produced 9511.11 Kg/MS/ha/cut. The highest CP and ED was obtained with the T60075 treatment, which achieved 15.47 % CP and 2.05 Mcal/Kg respectively. The best digestibility was obtained at 50 days after cutting, and the treatments with the best percentage were T60075 and T60075. treatments with the best percentages were T60025, T60075, T60050 and T30075. In the second the age at cutting and the optimum level of use of organic fertilizer were determined, taking into account the benefit and costs for and costs in order to determine the technically and economically viable option. viable option. For this purpose, the marginal income (MI) and marginal costs (MC) associated with the fertilization and associated with the fertilization activities were determined and evaluated by means of a benefit-cost (B/C) analysis, which allowed the choice of the most appropriate (B/C), which allowed the best treatment to be chosen. A cost analysis was made for each treatment The marginal income per treatment was determined by the cost of inputs, labor, freight, machinery and fertilizer costs. The marginal income per treatment was determined per unit of area, being the result of the marginal production (without the control) in marginal production (without the control) in kilograms of green matter per hectare per semester, multiplied by the selling price per kilogram (5 ¢/Kg./MV). A sensitivity analysis was also performed using stochastic modeling techniques. The The marginal revenue obtained was higher in treatment T3007570, reaching ¢175,148 ha/s. ¢175,148 ha/semester. The highest fertilization cost was obtained with treatment T60075 with a value of ¢ 238,000,000 ha/semester. 238,382 ha/semester and the lowest fertilization cost was obtained with treatment T30025 with a value of ¢ 238,382 ha/semester. T30025 with a value of ¢ 62,785 ha/semester. The treatment that obtained the best cost-benefit cost-benefit ratio was T3007570 with an index of 1.47 (S.D.=0.66). The most productive treatment The most productive treatment, with acceptable quality indexes and the best B/C ratio was the treatment with T3007570. The most productive treatment, with acceptable quality indexes and the best B/C ratio corresponds to the treatment with T3007570. fertilization plan for Cameroon grass.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, ABONOS ORGANICOS, FORAGE, FORRAJE, ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, PENNISETUM PURPUREUM, GUANACASTE (COSTA RICA)