Presencia de parásitos (Nematoda: Anisakidae) en peces de agua dulce destinados al consumo humano en Costa Rica y Guatemala.
Fecha
2018-03
Autores
Choc Martínez, Luis Felipe
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los nemátodos de la familia Anisakidae incluyen tres géneros de importancia
clínica con una comprobada capacidad de causar infecciones accidentales en el ser
humano por consumo de productos pesqueros. Los géneros Anisakis sp. y
Pseudoterranova sp. han sido los más estudiados, encontrándose principalmente
en hospedadores de ambientes acuáticos marinos, mientras que el género
Contracaecum sp. es de reporte reciente y se ha aislado tanto de hospedadores
acuáticos de agua dulce y salada, como de aves piscívoras.
En la primera parte del estudio se reporta la presencia de Contracaecum
multipapillatum, aislado de peces de los géneros Parachromis sp. (Guapotes),
Rhamdia sp. (Barbudos) y Hoplias sp. (Guabinas), peces de importancia comercial
y nutricional en Costa Rica y Guatemala donde la pesca artesanal es la principal
actividad pesquera. Este nemátodo había sido reportado anteriormente en peces de
Sudamérica y Norteamérica, mientras que en Centroamérica únicamente se tenían
sospechas de su presencia, por lo que este reporte representa el primero en la
región, basado en diagnóstico morfológico y confirmativo molecular, para
determinar su presencia.
Las características morfológicas de las fases larvarias que infectaban los
peces recolectados tanto de Guatemala como de Costa Rica son compatibles con
miembros de la familia Anisakidae. La presencia de un diente apical en el extremo
cefálico y un mucrón en el extremo caudal confirma la presencia de larvas del tercer
estadío (L3). Internamente se observó la presencia de ciego paraesofágico,
ventrículo y apéndice ventricular, por lo que se identificaron como Contracaecum
sp.
El análisis filogenético incluyó la amplificación de las regiones ITS 1 5.8S e
ITS 2 28S de ADN nuclear ribosomal y del gen COX II de ADN mitocondrial que
arrojaron secuencias compatibles con nemátodos reportados en GenBank como
Contracaecum multipapillatum, proveniente de estudios desarrollados en California
y Grecia con valores de Bootstrap de 100%. Todas las secuencias obtenidas en
Centroamérica se ubican en un segmento común, que demostró una estrecha similitud entre las secuencias obtenidas de los nemátodos de la región, comparadas
con las secuencias de otros nemátodos identificados en otras regiones del mundo.
La segunda parte del estudio consistió en determinar la prevalencia de C.
multipapillatum tanto para Costa Rica como Guatemala, además de determinar los
porcentajes de infección para cada uno de los sitios de muestreo, la intensidad de
infección y sitio de ubicación anatómica de L3 en los peces infectados, así como
correlacionar la presencia de infección con parámetros fisicoquímicos del medio
ambiente.
Se recolectaron 214 peces en 6 ríos del Cantón de Cañas, Guanacaste,
Costa Rica y 203 peces en Izabal, Guatemala. Un total de 36 peces (16.8%)
resultaron infectados en Costa Rica y 51 (25.1%) en Guatemala. El género de pez
más afectado en ambas regiones fue Parachromis sp. con un total de 25 peces
infectados en Costa Rica (prevalencia de 17.5%) y 23 peces infectados en
Guatemala (prevalencia de 29.5%). Se observó una marcada tendencia de las L3
para ubicarse en órganos viscerales (21 – 22%) y muy poca para ubicarse en tejido
muscular (2 – 3.7%). En cuanto al grado de infección, la menor cantidad de
nemátodos infectando un pez fue de 1 y 2 siendo estos de menor peso y longitud;
mientras que peces más grandes presentaron mayores grados de infección siendo
de 12 a 14 nemátodos por pez, observándose en estos un mayor peso y longitud,
comprobándose una relación directa entre el tamaño de pez y grado de infección
parasitaria.
Los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua mostraron que la temperatura, el pH
y el oxígeno disuelto en agua se encontraron dentro de los límites aceptables para
el desarrollo de organismos saludables en los sitios de muestreo con presencia de
peces infectados por C. multipapillatum. No se observó asociación entre los niveles
de parámetros fisicoquímicos y la susceptibilidad de peces a infección, sin embargo,
en los ríos donde los peces capturados fueron negativos a infección los rangos de
oxígeno fueron menores a los límites normales.
No se descarta la posibilidad de la influencia del oxígeno sobre la presencia
o ausencia de nemátodos dado que se han reportado efectos de factores
ambientales sobre el ciclo de vida del género Contracaecum, cuya población de
hospedadores intermediarios puede fluctuar por un medio ambiente desfavorable
para la vida, no así la población de estos nemátodos que de acuerdo a estudios
previos (Mancinni et al. 2013) se ha comprobado que poseen una alta capacidad
adaptativa a condiciones ambientales extremas.
The nematodes of the family Anisakidae include three genera of clinical importance with a proven ability to cause accidental infections in humans by consumption of fishery products. The genera Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova sp. have been the most studied, being found mainly in marine aquatic hosts, while the genus Contracaecum sp. is of recent report and has been isolated from freshwater and saltwater aquatic hosts, as well as from piscivorous birds. The first part of the study reports the presence of Contracaecum multipapillatum, isolated from fish of the genera Parachromis sp. (Guapotes), Rhamdia sp. (Barbudos) and Hoplias sp. (Guabinas), fish of commercial and nutritional importance in Costa Rica and Guatemala where artisanal fishing is the main fishing activity. This nematode had been previously reported in fish from South and North America, while in Central America there were only suspicions of its presence, so this report represents the first in the region, based on morphological and molecular confirmatory diagnosis, to determine its presence. The morphological characteristics of the larval stages that infected fish collected from both Guatemala and Costa Rica are compatible with members of the family Anisakidae. The presence of an apical tooth at the cephalic end and a mucro at the caudal end confirms the presence of third instar larvae (L3). Internally, the presence of a paraesophageal caecum, ventricle and ventricular appendage was observed, so they were identified as Contracaecum sp. Phylogenetic analysis included amplification of the ITS 1 5.8S and ITS 2 28S regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA and of the COX II gene of mitochondrial DNA, which yielded sequences compatible with nematodes reported in GenBank as Contracaecum multipapillatum, from studies developed in California and Greece with Bootstrap values of 100%. All the sequences obtained in Central America are located in a common segment, which showed a close similarity between the sequences obtained from the nematodes of the region, compared with the sequences of other nematodes identified in other regions of the world. The second part of the study consisted of determining the prevalence of C. multipapillatum for both Costa Rica and Guatemala, in addition to determining the percentages of infection for each of the sampling sites, the intensity of infection and the anatomical location of L3 in infected fish, as well as correlating the presence of infection with physicochemical parameters of the environment. A total of 214 fish were collected from 6 rivers in Cantón de Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and 203 fish in Izabal, Guatemala. A total of 36 fish (16.8%) were infected in Costa Rica and 51 (25.1%) in Guatemala. The most affected fish genus in both regions was Parachromis sp. with a total of 25 fish infected in Costa Rica (prevalence of 17.5%) and 23 fish infected in Guatemala (prevalence of 29.5%). There was a marked tendency for L3 to be located in visceral organs (21 - 22%) and very little to be located in muscle tissue (2 - 3.7%). As for the degree of infection, the lowest number of nematodes infecting a fish was 1 and 2, being these of less weight and length; while larger fish presented higher degrees of infection, with 12 to 14 nematodes per fish, with greater weight and length, showing a direct relationship between the size of the fish and the degree of parasitic infection. The physicochemical parameters of the water showed that the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen in the water were within acceptable limits for the development of healthy organisms in the sampling sites with the presence of fish infected by C. multipapillatum. No association was observed between the levels of physicochemical parameters and the susceptibility of fish to infection; however, in the rivers where the fish captured were negative for infection, the oxygen ranges were lower than normal limits. The possibility of the influence of oxygen on the presence or absence of nematodes is not ruled out, given that the effects of environmental factors on the life cycle of the Contracaecum genus have been reported, whose population of intermediate hosts can fluctuate due to an unfavorable environment for life, but not the population of these nematodes, which according to previous studies (Mancinni et al. 2013) have been shown to have a high adaptive capacity to extreme environmental conditions.
The nematodes of the family Anisakidae include three genera of clinical importance with a proven ability to cause accidental infections in humans by consumption of fishery products. The genera Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova sp. have been the most studied, being found mainly in marine aquatic hosts, while the genus Contracaecum sp. is of recent report and has been isolated from freshwater and saltwater aquatic hosts, as well as from piscivorous birds. The first part of the study reports the presence of Contracaecum multipapillatum, isolated from fish of the genera Parachromis sp. (Guapotes), Rhamdia sp. (Barbudos) and Hoplias sp. (Guabinas), fish of commercial and nutritional importance in Costa Rica and Guatemala where artisanal fishing is the main fishing activity. This nematode had been previously reported in fish from South and North America, while in Central America there were only suspicions of its presence, so this report represents the first in the region, based on morphological and molecular confirmatory diagnosis, to determine its presence. The morphological characteristics of the larval stages that infected fish collected from both Guatemala and Costa Rica are compatible with members of the family Anisakidae. The presence of an apical tooth at the cephalic end and a mucro at the caudal end confirms the presence of third instar larvae (L3). Internally, the presence of a paraesophageal caecum, ventricle and ventricular appendage was observed, so they were identified as Contracaecum sp. Phylogenetic analysis included amplification of the ITS 1 5.8S and ITS 2 28S regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA and of the COX II gene of mitochondrial DNA, which yielded sequences compatible with nematodes reported in GenBank as Contracaecum multipapillatum, from studies developed in California and Greece with Bootstrap values of 100%. All the sequences obtained in Central America are located in a common segment, which showed a close similarity between the sequences obtained from the nematodes of the region, compared with the sequences of other nematodes identified in other regions of the world. The second part of the study consisted of determining the prevalence of C. multipapillatum for both Costa Rica and Guatemala, in addition to determining the percentages of infection for each of the sampling sites, the intensity of infection and the anatomical location of L3 in infected fish, as well as correlating the presence of infection with physicochemical parameters of the environment. A total of 214 fish were collected from 6 rivers in Cantón de Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and 203 fish in Izabal, Guatemala. A total of 36 fish (16.8%) were infected in Costa Rica and 51 (25.1%) in Guatemala. The most affected fish genus in both regions was Parachromis sp. with a total of 25 fish infected in Costa Rica (prevalence of 17.5%) and 23 fish infected in Guatemala (prevalence of 29.5%). There was a marked tendency for L3 to be located in visceral organs (21 - 22%) and very little to be located in muscle tissue (2 - 3.7%). As for the degree of infection, the lowest number of nematodes infecting a fish was 1 and 2, being these of less weight and length; while larger fish presented higher degrees of infection, with 12 to 14 nematodes per fish, with greater weight and length, showing a direct relationship between the size of the fish and the degree of parasitic infection. The physicochemical parameters of the water showed that the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen in the water were within acceptable limits for the development of healthy organisms in the sampling sites with the presence of fish infected by C. multipapillatum. No association was observed between the levels of physicochemical parameters and the susceptibility of fish to infection; however, in the rivers where the fish captured were negative for infection, the oxygen ranges were lower than normal limits. The possibility of the influence of oxygen on the presence or absence of nematodes is not ruled out, given that the effects of environmental factors on the life cycle of the Contracaecum genus have been reported, whose population of intermediate hosts can fluctuate due to an unfavorable environment for life, but not the population of these nematodes, which according to previous studies (Mancinni et al. 2013) have been shown to have a high adaptive capacity to extreme environmental conditions.
Descripción
Maestría en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, NEMATODA, PARÁSITOS, PARASITES, PECES DE AGUA DULCE, FRESHWATER FISHES, GUATEMALA