Diagnóstico de enfermedades metabólicas en 30 hatos lecheros del Valle Central y Zona Norte de Costa Rica y elaboración de una propuesta para su prevención
Fecha
2017
Autores
Segura Cubero, José Vidal
Ramírez Rodríguez, Guillermo José
Torres Chacón, Fabián
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo diagnosticar las principales
enfermedades metabólicas en ganado de leche mediante un protocolo de abordaje integral.
Se evaluaron 30 hatos lecheros de la Zona Norte y Valle Central de Costa Rica, las cuales
se seleccionaron aleatoriamente de la base de datos del programa VAMPP Bovino 3.0
perteneciente al Programa CRIPAS, de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la
Universidad Nacional. Las afecciones en cuestión abarcaron: acidosis ruminal, cetosis
(clínica y subclínica), alteraciones séricas de calcio, fosforo y magnesio y alteraciones
reproductivas, adicionalmente se analizaron los niveles de nitratos de las pasturas.
Previo a la investigación, se realizó una validación de protocolos y estandarización
de metodología de trabajo en cinco hatos lecheros, cuyos productores decidieron participar
voluntariamente de esta fase previa, los datos generados en esta etapa no son incluidos en
los resultados oficiales del estudio. Una vez concluido este periodo se dio inicio a las visitas
oficiales.
En cada una de las giras se recopiló información sobre el sistema de la explotación,
obtenido mediante observación y una encuesta aplicada al personal, adicionalmente se
realizaron pruebas clínicas y de laboratorio en un promedio de diez animales que se
encontraran entre el día cero y 120 en lactancia, para un total de 300 vacas analizadas.
Sumado a esto, el grupo lactante de cada lechería fue evaluada para locomoción, llenado
ruminal, condición corporal y comportamiento de rumia.
Una vez concluida cada una de las visitas, se realizaba una sesión de discusión de
los hallazgos más relevantes junto con el equipo de trabajo de las fincas, donde se
brindaban recomendaciones para las principales deficiencias encontradas. Cuando se
obtenían todos los resultados de laboratorio se elaboraba un informe detallado sobre
hallazgos, posibles causales y recomendaciones que se le envió al productor
correspondiente.
Dentro de los principales hallazgos se encuentran una alta presencia de acidosis en
las fincas visitadas, ya que un 44,3% de los animales muestreados estaban afectados.
Respecto a la cetosis se obtuvo un 14,3% y 2,5% de los animales con cetosis subclínica y
clínica respectivamente. Al analizar los metabolitos en suero, se observó un 32,3% de los
animales con hipocalcemia subclínica, 0,6% con hiperfosfatemia, 20,6% con una relación
calcio/fósforo alterada y un 8,5% de hipomagnesemia. Además, se encontró un 20,4% de
los animales con (endo)metritis y un 6,4% con involución anormal.
Posteriormente, se realizó una descripción estadística de los resultados, finalmente
se elaboró una propuesta de prevención de enfermedades metabólicas en ganado lechero,
basado en las observaciones realizadas en cada una de las fincas.
The present research work has the objective of diagnose the main metabolic diseases in dairy cattle, through an integral approach protocol. 30 dairy herds from the North and Central Valley of Costa Rica were evaluate, which were randomly selected from the “VAMPP bovino 3.0” database, which belongs to the CRIPAS Program of Veterinary Medicine School of Universidad Nacional. The diseases studied were: ruminal acidosis, ketosis (clinical and subclinical), serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium alterations and reproductive illnesses as endometritis and abnormal involution. In addition, the nitrate levels of the pastures were analyzed. Protocol validation and standardization of work methodology were performed in five dairy herds, its farmers voluntarily participate in this previous phase, the data generated at this stage are not included in the official results of the study. After this period, official visits began. Information about feeding and management system were collected and obtained by observation and a survey applied to the farm staff, also clinical and laboratory tests were performed on an average of ten animals per farm (totally 300 cows) that were in lactation between day zero and 120. Additionally, in each dairy the lactation group was evaluated for lameness index, ruminal fill, body condition score and rumination behavior. After each visit, a discussion session of the most relevant findings had been made with the farm staff, and recommendations were made for the main problems. When all the laboratory results were obtained, a detailed report was made and sent to each farmer, about the findings, possible causes and recommendations. One of the main findings is a high presence of acidosis in the farms, 44,3% of tested animals were below 5,8 of pH. Concerning ketosis, 14,3% had subclinical ketosis and 2,5% clinical ketosis. When analyzing the serum metabolites, 32,3% of the animals had subclinical hypocalcemia, 0,6% had hyperphosphataemia, 20,6% had an altered calcium / phosphorus ratio and 8,5% of hypomagnesemia were observed. In addition, 20,4% of the animals were found with (endo) metritis and 6,4% with abnormal involution of the uterus. Subsequently, a statistical description of the results was made. Finally, a proposal was made for the prevention of metabolic diseases in dairy cattle, based on the observations made in each one of the farms.
The present research work has the objective of diagnose the main metabolic diseases in dairy cattle, through an integral approach protocol. 30 dairy herds from the North and Central Valley of Costa Rica were evaluate, which were randomly selected from the “VAMPP bovino 3.0” database, which belongs to the CRIPAS Program of Veterinary Medicine School of Universidad Nacional. The diseases studied were: ruminal acidosis, ketosis (clinical and subclinical), serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium alterations and reproductive illnesses as endometritis and abnormal involution. In addition, the nitrate levels of the pastures were analyzed. Protocol validation and standardization of work methodology were performed in five dairy herds, its farmers voluntarily participate in this previous phase, the data generated at this stage are not included in the official results of the study. After this period, official visits began. Information about feeding and management system were collected and obtained by observation and a survey applied to the farm staff, also clinical and laboratory tests were performed on an average of ten animals per farm (totally 300 cows) that were in lactation between day zero and 120. Additionally, in each dairy the lactation group was evaluated for lameness index, ruminal fill, body condition score and rumination behavior. After each visit, a discussion session of the most relevant findings had been made with the farm staff, and recommendations were made for the main problems. When all the laboratory results were obtained, a detailed report was made and sent to each farmer, about the findings, possible causes and recommendations. One of the main findings is a high presence of acidosis in the farms, 44,3% of tested animals were below 5,8 of pH. Concerning ketosis, 14,3% had subclinical ketosis and 2,5% clinical ketosis. When analyzing the serum metabolites, 32,3% of the animals had subclinical hypocalcemia, 0,6% had hyperphosphataemia, 20,6% had an altered calcium / phosphorus ratio and 8,5% of hypomagnesemia were observed. In addition, 20,4% of the animals were found with (endo) metritis and 6,4% with abnormal involution of the uterus. Subsequently, a statistical description of the results was made. Finally, a proposal was made for the prevention of metabolic diseases in dairy cattle, based on the observations made in each one of the farms.
Descripción
Modalidad: Proyecto de Graduación
Palabras clave
GANADO DE LECHE, COSTA RICA, TERNEROS, ENFERMEDADES DE LOS ANIMALES, METABOLISMO ANIMAL, DIAGNÓSTICO (MEDICINA VETERINARIA), DIAGNOSTICO DE LABORATORIO (MEDICINA VETERINARIA), PROTOCOLO