Detección de alteraciones renales subclínicas mediante ultrasonografía y urianálisis en pacientes caninos del Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional
Fecha
2009-08-31
Autores
Vargas Jiménez, Tahiana M.
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Las enfermedades renales en caninos se encuentran entre las principales causas de muerte
y por lo general cuando estas se detectan ya están en una etapa avanzada lo que dificulta su
tratamiento. En Costa Rica los estudios referentes a la enfermedad renal se habían realizado
únicamente sobre la fase clínica de la misma; debido a ello es que se llevó a cabo esta
investigación enfocada a la enfermedad renal subclínica cuyo fin fue el de conocer que tan
comunes son estos problemas en los caninos que ingresan al Hospital de Especies Menores y
Silvestres de la Universidad Nacional.
Se utilizaron el ultrasonido y el urianálisis como métodos diagnósticos, además se
establecieron las características diagnósticas del ultrasonido en los problemas renales
subclínicos tomando como prueba de oro el urianálisis. Se determinó la relación y frecuencia
de edad con respecto a las alteraciones renales, se señalaron los hallazgos más frecuentes del
ultrasonido y del urianálisis en los pacientes evaluados sin alteraciones clínicas de tipo renal y
por último, se compararon los resultados de la densidad específica de la orina utilizando tiras
reactivas y refractómetro de sólidos totales, con el fin de determinar la concordancia entre
ambos.
Los animales (110 en total) fueron pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital de Especies
Menores y Silvestres de la Universidad Nacional entre los meses de Marzo a Agosto del 2008
con un motivo de consulta que no estaba relacionado con problemas renales.
De las 110 muestras evaluadas un 52% mostró alteraciones ya sea en el ultrasonido, en el
urianálisis o en ambos. Los resultados estadísticos mostraron que el ultrasonido fue poco
sensible a la hora de detectar alteraciones renales subclínicas. Por otra parte estas alteraciones
fueron más frecuentes en animales de 7 años o más. El hallazgo que se detectó con mayor
frecuencia en el ultrasonido fue el aumento de ecogenicidad renal y en el urianálisis fue la
hematuria. Con respecto a la concordancia en la medición de la densidad específica de la orina
entre las tiras reactivas y el refractómetro, se logró confirmar que el resultado de las tiras es
muy inexacto y poco confiable.
Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio resaltaron la importancia de realizar exámenes de
rutina aún en animales aparentemente saludables, especialmente cuando estos son pacientes
geriátricos (mayores de 7 años). Aunque el ultrasonido no fue tan sensible como el urianálisis,
este constituye una prueba complementaria muy útil en lo referente a enfermedades renales. El
urianálisis resultó ser una prueba de bajo costo capaz de brindar mucha y valiosa información
al médico veterinario cuando se realiza correctamente.
Renal diseases in dogs are among the leading cause of death and they are usually detected in the advanced stage which makes their treatment difficult. In Costa Rica, studies related to renal disease have been developed only during the clinical phase; because of that, this research focused on subclinical renal disease and the purpose was to establish how common these problems are in dogs admitted to the Small and Wild Animal Hospital of the National University. Ultrasound and urinalysis were used as diagnostic methods. In addition, the diagnostic characteristics of ultrasound in subclinical renal problems were identified and urinalysis was the golden standard test. The relationship and frequency of age with respect to renal defects was determined, the most frequent ultrasound and urinalysis findings in evaluated patients without clinical renal disease were identified and then the results of the specific gravity evaluation of urine using test strips and refractometer of total solids were compared in order to determine the correlation among all. Animals (110 in total) were patients admitted to the Small and Wild Animal Hospital of the National University between March to August of 2008, for any reason of consultation not related to kidney problems. Of the 110 samples tested, 52% showed alterations in either ultrasound, urinalysis or both. The statistical results showed that ultrasound was not sensitive enough to detect subclinical renal alterations. Furthermore, these alterations were more frequent in animals within the 7 years or older range. The finding that was detected more frequently in ultrasound was increased echogenicity in the kidney and during urinalysis, hematuria was the most frequent. With respect to consistency in measurement of specific gravity between the urine test strips and the refractometer, it was confirmed that the outcome of the strips is very inaccurate and unreliable. Results obtained in this study highlight the importance of routine screening even in apparently healthy animals, especially when these are geriatric patients (7 years or older range). Although ultrasound was not as sensitive as urinalysis, it is a useful complementary test in renal disease cases. The urinalysis proved to be an inexpensive test that can provide much information to the veterinarian when it is done correctly.
Renal diseases in dogs are among the leading cause of death and they are usually detected in the advanced stage which makes their treatment difficult. In Costa Rica, studies related to renal disease have been developed only during the clinical phase; because of that, this research focused on subclinical renal disease and the purpose was to establish how common these problems are in dogs admitted to the Small and Wild Animal Hospital of the National University. Ultrasound and urinalysis were used as diagnostic methods. In addition, the diagnostic characteristics of ultrasound in subclinical renal problems were identified and urinalysis was the golden standard test. The relationship and frequency of age with respect to renal defects was determined, the most frequent ultrasound and urinalysis findings in evaluated patients without clinical renal disease were identified and then the results of the specific gravity evaluation of urine using test strips and refractometer of total solids were compared in order to determine the correlation among all. Animals (110 in total) were patients admitted to the Small and Wild Animal Hospital of the National University between March to August of 2008, for any reason of consultation not related to kidney problems. Of the 110 samples tested, 52% showed alterations in either ultrasound, urinalysis or both. The statistical results showed that ultrasound was not sensitive enough to detect subclinical renal alterations. Furthermore, these alterations were more frequent in animals within the 7 years or older range. The finding that was detected more frequently in ultrasound was increased echogenicity in the kidney and during urinalysis, hematuria was the most frequent. With respect to consistency in measurement of specific gravity between the urine test strips and the refractometer, it was confirmed that the outcome of the strips is very inaccurate and unreliable. Results obtained in this study highlight the importance of routine screening even in apparently healthy animals, especially when these are geriatric patients (7 years or older range). Although ultrasound was not as sensitive as urinalysis, it is a useful complementary test in renal disease cases. The urinalysis proved to be an inexpensive test that can provide much information to the veterinarian when it is done correctly.
Descripción
Modalidad: Tesis
Palabras clave
PERRO, ENFERMEDADES DEL APARATO URINARIO, RIÑONES, DIAGNOSTICO DE LABORATORIO, COSTA RICA, DIAGNOSTICO MEDIANTE ULTRASONIDOS