Evaluación de una solución de ácido fórmico en gel para el control del ácaro Varroa (Varroa destructor Anderson & Truemann) en colmenas de abejas afrocanizadas
Fecha
2017
Autores
Feoli Matamoros, Nicolás
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Se probaron tres tratamientos a base de ácido fórmico en gel al 65 % (v/v) para el control de Varroa destructor en colmenas de abejas Apis mellifera. El producto se suministró en bolsas de polietileno de 100 g cada una, las cuales permanecieron en las colmenas por espacio de dos semanas. Éstas fueron perforadas a razón de 7,96 cm2 en seis agujeros de 1,3 cm de diámetro y cubiertas con cinta microporo para regular su evaporación. Los tratamientos 1 (control), 2 y 3 consistieron en 0 g/colmena, 100 g/colmena y 200 g/colmena, respectivamente. Solamente T3 logró una eficacia acaricida significativamente distinta del control (Kruskal Wallis, p < 0.05), pero no lo hizo así con respecto a T2 (p > 0.05) (μ1 = 30,15 μ2 = 31,95 μ3 = 55,02).
Se midió la evaporación del ácido fórmico, por medio de la diferencia de su concentración en el gel remanente, respecto al nivel inicial previamente medido de 14,55 mmol/g. Dicha concentración se determinó mediante la titulación del gel con NaOH, obteniéndose que en promedio se perdiera 7,64 mmol/g, lo cual representa un 52,52 % del ingrediente activo disponible. Lo anterior implica que la dosis diaria promedio obtenida (4,21 g) está muy por debajo de los 10 g/día, reportada por distintos autores como suficiente para proveer un porcentaje de supresión de al menos 70 %.
Se considera necesario evaluar alternativas que permitan optimizar la tasa de evaporación, aproximándose a la dosis de 10 g/día, de manera que se logre mejorar la eficacia acaricida para poder obtener una alternativa viable y recomendable para el control de la Varroosis.
Three treatments based on formic acid gel at 65% (v / v) were tested for the control of Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera bee hives. The product was supplied in polyethylene bags of 100 g each, which remained in the hives for two weeks. These were drilled at a rate of 7.96 cm2 in six 1.3 cm diameter holes and covered with micropore tape to regulate their evaporation. Treatments 1 (control), 2 and 3 consisted of 0 g / hive, 100 g / hive and 200 g / hive, respectively. Only T3 achieved a significantly different acaricidal efficacy from the control (Kruskal Wallis, p <0.05), but it did not do so with respect to T2 (p> 0.05) (μ1 = 30.15 μ2 = 31.95 μ3 = 55.02) . The evaporation of the formic acid was measured, by means of the difference of its concentration in the remaining gel, with respect to the previously measured initial level of 14.55 mmol / g. Said concentration was determined by titration of the gel with NaOH, obtaining an average loss of 7.64 mmol / g, which represents 52.52% of the active ingredient available. This implies that the average daily dose obtained (4.21 g) is well below 10 g / day, reported by different authors as sufficient to provide a suppression percentage of at least 70%. It is considered necessary to evaluate alternatives that allow optimizing the evaporation rate, approaching the dose of 10 g / day, in order to improve the acaricidal efficacy in order to obtain a viable and recommended alternative for the control of Varroosis.
Three treatments based on formic acid gel at 65% (v / v) were tested for the control of Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera bee hives. The product was supplied in polyethylene bags of 100 g each, which remained in the hives for two weeks. These were drilled at a rate of 7.96 cm2 in six 1.3 cm diameter holes and covered with micropore tape to regulate their evaporation. Treatments 1 (control), 2 and 3 consisted of 0 g / hive, 100 g / hive and 200 g / hive, respectively. Only T3 achieved a significantly different acaricidal efficacy from the control (Kruskal Wallis, p <0.05), but it did not do so with respect to T2 (p> 0.05) (μ1 = 30.15 μ2 = 31.95 μ3 = 55.02) . The evaporation of the formic acid was measured, by means of the difference of its concentration in the remaining gel, with respect to the previously measured initial level of 14.55 mmol / g. Said concentration was determined by titration of the gel with NaOH, obtaining an average loss of 7.64 mmol / g, which represents 52.52% of the active ingredient available. This implies that the average daily dose obtained (4.21 g) is well below 10 g / day, reported by different authors as sufficient to provide a suppression percentage of at least 70%. It is considered necessary to evaluate alternatives that allow optimizing the evaporation rate, approaching the dose of 10 g / day, in order to improve the acaricidal efficacy in order to obtain a viable and recommended alternative for the control of Varroosis.
Descripción
Trabajo presentado para optar al grado de Máster en Apicultura Tropical.
Palabras clave
ABEJAS AFRICANIZADAS, ABEJAS, ÁCAROS, APICULTURA, CONTROL DE PLAGAS, VARROIDAE, AFRICANIZED BEES, BEES, MITES, BEEKEEPING, PEST CONTROL