Biorefinería de los subproductos agrícolas de ñame (Dioscorea alata): Obtención de fructanas con potencial aplicación en la industria alimentaria
Fecha
2020-11
Autores
Aguilar Solano, Alejandro J.
ESQUIVEL, MARIANELLY
Sibaja Ballestero, María del Rosario
Lopretti, Mary
Jose-Roberto, Vega-Baudrit
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Editor
Universidad del País Vasco (España)
Resumen
La actividad agrícola de Costa Rica es de vital importancia para el desarrollo económico del país. Recientemente, este sector ha incrementado su presencia con los cultivos no tradicionales, como las raíces y tubérculos, dentro de los que destaca el ñame. Todos estos productos, durante el proceso de comercialización, generan productos de rechazo o excedentes, que constituyen la biomasa residual. Esta situación constituye un problema ambiental y económico, que requiere de nuevas estrategias de remediación en las regiones dedicadas a este tipo de actividades.
Este trabajo propone la utilización de esa biomasa residual para la obtención de materiales con un valor agregado. Se plantea el uso del ñame Dioscorea alata de rechazo, proveniente de la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica, para la extracción de fructanas. Las fructanas son polisacáridos de fructosa y forman parte del contenido de fibra dietética del tubérculo, que poseen aplicaciones alimenticias, por ejemplo, como sustitutos de azúcar.
El sustrato fue caracterizado, se realizaron análisis de humedad, ceniza, grasa, proteína, solubilidad en agua caliente y fría, así como determinaciones de carbohidratos, que demostraron porcentajes máximos de carbohidratos del 25% y contenido de fibra dietética total en un intervalo de 2,9 a 7,2%. Estos porcentajes están relacionados con el contenido de fructanas, por lo que son valores determinantes en el presente estudio.
La investigación permitió el desarrollo de un método de extracción y cuantificación de las fructanas en medio acuoso. Para las extracciones se evaluaron tres factores de extracción: lotes de obtención del sustrato, temperatura y tiempo, aplicando un diseño estadístico para su análisis.
Para separar los sólidos insolubles las muestras extraídas se filtraron en tres etapas; se determinó el contenido de inulina en los extractos, realizando una técnica de hidrólisis enzimática, donde primeramente se evaluaron los azúcares simples como la fructosa, glucosa y sacarosa libres en el extracto, mediante la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia. Posteriormente, se realizó un proceso de hidrólisis enzimática utilizando amiloglucosidasa e inulinasa de Aspergillus niger, para determinar por la misma técnica la cantidad de moléculas de fructosa y glucosa provenientes de las inulinas y así poder obtener mediante diferencia la concentración final de las fructanas presentes en cada uno de los ensayos. Los resultados mostraron porcentajes de fructanas para los 24 ensayos realizados en un intervalo de 0,22 a 3,8%.
Por último, se realizó una caracterización térmica de las fructanas, donde se determinó que la temperatura de descomposición de las inulinas obtenidas es de 330ºC, por lo que es posible utilizar estos compuestos en procesos alimenticios en los que se utilicen temperaturas inferiores a este valor sin ver afectada la estabilidad térmica de las fructanas. Además, se determinó mediante la técnica de cromatografía de exclusión por tamaño que las fructanas extraídas son de cadena corta, al poseer pesos moleculares de 1.500 Da e inferiores. Se concluyó que es posible extraer, cuantificar y caracterizar las inulinas obtenidas a partir del ñame de rechazo de la zona Huetar Norte de Costa Rica, de la especie Dioscorea alata; con el potencial de utilizarlas para posibles aplicaciones alimenticias gracias a las características prebióticas que poseen estos compuestos.
The agricultural activity of Costa Rica is very important for the economic development of the country. Recently, this sector has increased its presence with non–traditional crops, such as roots and tubers, among which yams stand out. All these products, during the marketing process, generate rejection or surplus products, which constitute the residual biomass. This situation constitutes an environmental and economic problem, which requires new remediation strategies in the regions dedicated to this type of activity. This work proposes the use of this residual biomass to obtain materials with added value. The use of the rejection Dioscorea alata yam, from the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica, is proposed for the extraction of fructans. Fructans are fructose polysaccharides and are part of the dietary fiber content of the tuber, which have food applications, for example, as sugar substitutes. The substrate was characterized, analysis of moisture, ash, fat, protein, solubility in hot and cold water, as well as carbohydrate determinations, which showed maximum percentages of carbohydrates of 25% and total dietary fiber content in a range of 2.9 to 7.2%. These percentages are related to the fructan content, so they are determining values in the present study. The research allowed the development of a method for the extraction and quantification of fructans in aqueous medium. For the extractions, three extraction factors were evaluated: batches for obtaining the substrate, temperature and time, applying a statistical design for their analysis. To separate insoluble solids, the extracted samples were filtered in three stages. The inulin content in the extracts was determined, using an enzymatic hydrolysis technique, where the simple sugars such as fructose, glucose and sucrose free in the extract were first evaluated by means of the high–efficiency liquid chromatography technique. Subsequently, an enzymatic hydrolysis process was carried out using amyloglucosidase and inulinase from Aspergillus niger, to determine by the same technique the amount of fructose and glucose molecules from inulins and thus be able to obtain by difference the final concentration of fructans present in each one of the essays. The results showed percentages of fructans for the 24 tests carried out in a range of 0.22 to 3.8%. Finally, a thermal characterization of the fructans was carried out, where it was determined that the decomposition temperature of the inulins obtained is 330ºC, so it is possible to use these compounds in food processes in which temperatures lower than this value are used. without affecting the thermal stability of the fructans. Furthermore, it was determined by the size exclusion chromatography technique that the extracted fructans are short chain, having molecular weights of 1,500 Da and lower. It was concluded that it is possible to extract, quantify and characterize the inulins obtained from the rejected yams from the Huetar Norte zone of Costa Rica, of the Dioscorea alata species; with the potential to use them for possible food applications thanks to the prebiotic characteristics that these compounds possess.
The agricultural activity of Costa Rica is very important for the economic development of the country. Recently, this sector has increased its presence with non–traditional crops, such as roots and tubers, among which yams stand out. All these products, during the marketing process, generate rejection or surplus products, which constitute the residual biomass. This situation constitutes an environmental and economic problem, which requires new remediation strategies in the regions dedicated to this type of activity. This work proposes the use of this residual biomass to obtain materials with added value. The use of the rejection Dioscorea alata yam, from the Huetar Norte region of Costa Rica, is proposed for the extraction of fructans. Fructans are fructose polysaccharides and are part of the dietary fiber content of the tuber, which have food applications, for example, as sugar substitutes. The substrate was characterized, analysis of moisture, ash, fat, protein, solubility in hot and cold water, as well as carbohydrate determinations, which showed maximum percentages of carbohydrates of 25% and total dietary fiber content in a range of 2.9 to 7.2%. These percentages are related to the fructan content, so they are determining values in the present study. The research allowed the development of a method for the extraction and quantification of fructans in aqueous medium. For the extractions, three extraction factors were evaluated: batches for obtaining the substrate, temperature and time, applying a statistical design for their analysis. To separate insoluble solids, the extracted samples were filtered in three stages. The inulin content in the extracts was determined, using an enzymatic hydrolysis technique, where the simple sugars such as fructose, glucose and sucrose free in the extract were first evaluated by means of the high–efficiency liquid chromatography technique. Subsequently, an enzymatic hydrolysis process was carried out using amyloglucosidase and inulinase from Aspergillus niger, to determine by the same technique the amount of fructose and glucose molecules from inulins and thus be able to obtain by difference the final concentration of fructans present in each one of the essays. The results showed percentages of fructans for the 24 tests carried out in a range of 0.22 to 3.8%. Finally, a thermal characterization of the fructans was carried out, where it was determined that the decomposition temperature of the inulins obtained is 330ºC, so it is possible to use these compounds in food processes in which temperatures lower than this value are used. without affecting the thermal stability of the fructans. Furthermore, it was determined by the size exclusion chromatography technique that the extracted fructans are short chain, having molecular weights of 1,500 Da and lower. It was concluded that it is possible to extract, quantify and characterize the inulins obtained from the rejected yams from the Huetar Norte zone of Costa Rica, of the Dioscorea alata species; with the potential to use them for possible food applications thanks to the prebiotic characteristics that these compounds possess.
Descripción
Palabras clave
DESECHO, FRUCTANA, BIOPOLÍMEROS, BIORREFINERÍA, ÑAME, YAMS, BIOREFINERY, BIOPOLYMERS, COSTA RICA