Evaluación del desarrollo de resistencia del ácaro varroa a los acaricidas químicos Apistan® y Bayvarol®
Fecha
2023-11
Autores
Sáenz Coto, Alberto Antonio
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El sistemático y desmesurado tratamiento de acaricidas de rotación de la familia de piretroides sintéticos de liberación lenta para el control de la infestación del ácaro Varroa destructor en las colmenas de Apis melíferas, ha provocado el surgimiento de poblaciones resistentes a los productos acaricidas Apistan®(fluvalinato) y Bayvarol®(flumetrina) en diversas partes del mundo. Con el motivo de determinar la existencia de poblaciones resistentes de ácaros a los piretroides de síntesis flumetrina y fluvalinato en Costa Rica. Se muestreo y se realizó un levantamiento de las historias clínicas de acaricidas de cada uno de los 17 apiarios. También se determinó si la resistencia es reversible muestreando apiarios con más de tres años sin uso de piretroides. Además, que al usar las dos moléculas (fluvalinato y flumetrina) de la misma familia química se pudo evaluar la presencia una resistencia cruzada. Se logró estandarizar para ambas moléculas el bioensayo descrito por Jeff Pettis en 1998 que se había diseñado solo para analizar la susceptibilidad a fluvalinato. Para determinar el porcentaje de mortalidad de los ácaros se proporcionó el tamaño de la dosis de ambos productos, y las poblaciones fueron expuesta por 24 horas a los acaricidas. Probando experimentalmente la existencia de ácaros resistentes en un 57% de los apiarios muestreados y en un 70% de los apiarios con poblaciones no susceptibles se identificó resistencia cruzada. También el 100% de apiarios que tienen menos de tres años sin uso de piretroides presentaron algún grado de poblaciones no susceptibles o al límite de la prueba. Estableciendo el primer caso formal de resistencia de poblaciones de ácaros a piretroides registrado en Costa Rica.
The systematic and excessive use of rotational acaricides of the slow-release synthetic pyrethroid family for the control of Varroa destructor mite infestation in honey bee hives has led to the emergence of populations resistant to the acaricide products Apistan®(fluvalinate) and Bayvarol®(flumethrin) in various parts of the world. In order to determine the existence of mite populations resistant to the synthetic pyrethroids flumethrin and fluvalinate in Costa Rica. The acaricide clinical histories of each of the 17 apiaries were sampled and surveyed. It was also determined whether resistance is reversible by sampling apiaries with more than three years without pyrethroid use. Furthermore, by using the two molecules (fluvalinate and flumethrin) from the same chemical family, it was possible to evaluate the presence of cross-resistance. The bioassay described by Jeff Pettis in 1998, which had been designed only to analyze susceptibility to fluvalinate, was standardized for both molecules. To determine the percentage of mite mortality, the dose size of both products was provided, and the populations were exposed for 24 hours to the acaricides. By experimentally testing the existence of resistant mites in 57% of the sampled apiaries and in 70% of the apiaries with non-susceptible populations, cross-resistance was identified. Also, 100% of apiaries less than three years without pyrethroid use had some degree of non-susceptible or borderline populations. This establishes the first formal case of resistance of mite populations to pyrethroids recorded in Costa Rica.
The systematic and excessive use of rotational acaricides of the slow-release synthetic pyrethroid family for the control of Varroa destructor mite infestation in honey bee hives has led to the emergence of populations resistant to the acaricide products Apistan®(fluvalinate) and Bayvarol®(flumethrin) in various parts of the world. In order to determine the existence of mite populations resistant to the synthetic pyrethroids flumethrin and fluvalinate in Costa Rica. The acaricide clinical histories of each of the 17 apiaries were sampled and surveyed. It was also determined whether resistance is reversible by sampling apiaries with more than three years without pyrethroid use. Furthermore, by using the two molecules (fluvalinate and flumethrin) from the same chemical family, it was possible to evaluate the presence of cross-resistance. The bioassay described by Jeff Pettis in 1998, which had been designed only to analyze susceptibility to fluvalinate, was standardized for both molecules. To determine the percentage of mite mortality, the dose size of both products was provided, and the populations were exposed for 24 hours to the acaricides. By experimentally testing the existence of resistant mites in 57% of the sampled apiaries and in 70% of the apiaries with non-susceptible populations, cross-resistance was identified. Also, 100% of apiaries less than three years without pyrethroid use had some degree of non-susceptible or borderline populations. This establishes the first formal case of resistance of mite populations to pyrethroids recorded in Costa Rica.
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APIS MELLIFERA, PLAGAS, PESTS, ÁCAROS, MITES, CONTROL DE PLAGAS, PEST CONTROL, APICULTURA, APICULTURE, ABEJAS, BEE, COLMENAS, BEEHIVE, ENFERMEDADES, DISEASES, INSECTICIDAS, INSECTICIDES