Determinación de parámetros genéticos de Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) en Costa Rica
Fecha
2020-12
Autores
Hernández Castro, William
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La Gmelina arborea (melina) es una especie forestal que se ha consolidado como la segunda especie exótica más utilizada en Costa Rica, principalmente por la versatilidad de su madera, fácil trabajabilidad, adaptación a diversas condiciones de sitio y rápido crecimiento. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de clones G. arborea en condiciones de suelo ácidos. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, con seis repeticiones, 29 clones y cinco testigos, con un distanciamiento de 4 m x 4m. Se realizó un análisis del suelo, para conocer las características físicas y químicas del suelo. Se calcularon parámetros genéticos a diferentes edades, para las variables diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura y volumen comercial, utilizando el software SELEGEN, el cual se basa en el método REML/BLUP, además, se realizaron correlaciones genéticas entre las variables evaluadas. Los resultados del análisis del suelo reflejaron deficiencias nutricionales a nivel de varios elementos esenciales para el desarrollo de la melina, así como un pH menor a 5.5, altos contenidos de hierro (Fe) y saturación de aluminio (Al) elevado. Con relación a los parámetros genéticos los resultados obtenidos reflejan que los mayores coeficientes de heredabilidad individual y heredabilidad media del clon se presentan a la edad de 4.5 años, donde el DAP es el carácter que presentó mayores valores. Las correlaciones genéticas reflejan altos porcentajes de correlación a partir de los 3.5 años, entre las variables DAP-volumen comercial. Con base al ranking genético, se evidencian 10 clones que se comportan como los que mejor se adaptaron a las condiciones de sitio, presentando mayores crecimientos en las variables dasométricas, con ganancias genéticas dentro del rango de 12.7% y 28%, comparadas con la media general del ensayo y el material utilizado como testigo. Se concluye que existe material genético con potencial para adaptarse a condiciones de suelos con características limitantes.
Gmelina arborea (melina) is a forest species that has established itself as the second most widely used exotic species in Costa Rica, mainly due to the versatility of its wood, easy workability, adaptation to various site conditions and rapid growth. The present work aims to evaluate the behavior of G. arborea clones under extreme site conditions. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with six replications, 29 clones and five controls, with a distance of 4m x 4m. An analysis of the soil was carried out, to know the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Genetic parameters were calculated at different ages, for the variables diameter at chest height (DBH), height and commercial volume, using the SELEGEN software, which is based on the REML / BLUP method, in addition, genetic correlations were made between the variables evaluated. The results of the soil analysis reflected nutritional deficiencies at the level of several essential elements for the development of melina, as well as a pH lower than 5.5, high iron (Fe) contents and high aluminum (Al) saturation. Regarding the genetic parameters, the results obtained reflect that the highest coefficients of individual heritability and average heritability of the clone are presented at the age of 4.5 years, where DBH is the character that presented the highest values. Genetic correlations reflect high correlation percentages after 3.5 years, between the DAP-trade volume variables. Based on the genetic ranking, 10 clones are shown that behave as those that best adapted to the site conditions, presenting higher growths in the dasometric variables, with genetic gains in the range of 12.7% and 28%, compared to the mean general of the test and the material used as control. It is concluded that there is genetic material with the potential to adapt to soil conditions with limiting characteristics.
Gmelina arborea (melina) is a forest species that has established itself as the second most widely used exotic species in Costa Rica, mainly due to the versatility of its wood, easy workability, adaptation to various site conditions and rapid growth. The present work aims to evaluate the behavior of G. arborea clones under extreme site conditions. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with six replications, 29 clones and five controls, with a distance of 4m x 4m. An analysis of the soil was carried out, to know the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Genetic parameters were calculated at different ages, for the variables diameter at chest height (DBH), height and commercial volume, using the SELEGEN software, which is based on the REML / BLUP method, in addition, genetic correlations were made between the variables evaluated. The results of the soil analysis reflected nutritional deficiencies at the level of several essential elements for the development of melina, as well as a pH lower than 5.5, high iron (Fe) contents and high aluminum (Al) saturation. Regarding the genetic parameters, the results obtained reflect that the highest coefficients of individual heritability and average heritability of the clone are presented at the age of 4.5 years, where DBH is the character that presented the highest values. Genetic correlations reflect high correlation percentages after 3.5 years, between the DAP-trade volume variables. Based on the genetic ranking, 10 clones are shown that behave as those that best adapted to the site conditions, presenting higher growths in the dasometric variables, with genetic gains in the range of 12.7% and 28%, compared to the mean general of the test and the material used as control. It is concluded that there is genetic material with the potential to adapt to soil conditions with limiting characteristics.
Descripción
Hernández Castro, W. (2020). Determinación de parámetros genéticos de Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) en Costa Rica. [Tesis de Doctorado]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
FITOMEJORAMIENTO, GMELINA ARBOREA, GENÉTICA VEGETAL, PLANTACIÓN FORESTAL, SUELOS ÁCIDOS, PLANT GENETICS, ACID SOILS, COSTA RICA