Efectos del cambio climático en el ciclo de vida del destino turístico cantón de Carrillo, Guanacaste
Fecha
2018-08
Autores
Miranda Álvarez, Pablo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Resumen
Desde la década de 1990, la actividad turística en Costa Rica ha jugado un
papel preponderante en la economía debido a la creación de infraestructura y
la generación de empleo, con base principalmente en la existencia de recursos
naturales singulares. En 2016, según el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo
(ICT), llegaron al país un total de 2. 9 millones de turistas, que dejaron un
ingreso equivalente al 6.4% del Producto Interno Bruto del país. Con el fin de
planificar el desarrollo de la actividad, el ICT, en su Plan General de Desarrollo
Turístico Sostenible 2002-2012, define y delimita diez unidades de
planeamiento territorial.
Entre ellas, sobresale la Unidad Pacífico Norte, localizada en la provincia de
Guanacaste en el Pacífico costarricense, donde se ubica la ciudad de Liberia
como centro urbano principal y el aeropuerto Daniel Oduber, segundo en
jerarquía del país con una llegada de 572 544 visitantes en el año 2016.
Dentro de esta Unidad se encuentra el cantón de Carrillo, el cual se caracteriza
por poseer algunos de los centros de desarrollo turístico más antiguos de la
región, como es el caso de El Coco, Playa Hermosa y Ocotal, a partir de los
cuales se han conformado encadenamientos con las comunidades cercanas;
en consecuencia, la zona ha sufrido un cambio en el uso del suelo, en
particular, la transformación de uso agrícola a urbano, lo que generó presión
sobre los recursos naturales, principalmente sobre el recurso hídrico
subterráneo (Orias, 2011).
Por estar localizado en el noroeste de Costa Rica, el área de estudio, según la
clasificación de Köppen, posee un clima tropical sub-húmedo (Strahler, 1986),
con un periodo seco de seis meses. En consideración de lo anterior, los
estudios realizados sobre cambio climático identifican esta zona como la más
vulnerable del país, en la que se espera una disminución en las precipitaciones
y un aumento en las sequías (OMT-PNUMA-OMM, 2007; MAG, 2012) lo cual
afectaría los diferentes componentes del sistema turístico de la región.
Considerando lo anterior, la elaboración de instrumentos a nivel local, que
orienten las acciones a seguir por parte del gobierno local, comunidades,
empresas e instituciones con respecto a los efectos del cambio climático en el
ciclo de vida del cantón es el motivo principal de esta investigación.
Since the 1990s, tourism activity in Costa Rica has played a major role in the economy due to the role in the economy due to the creation of infrastructure and the generation of employment, based and employment generation, based mainly on the existence of unique natural resources. In 2016, according to the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), a total of 2. 9 million tourists arrived in the country, which left an income equivalent to 6.4% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In order to plan the development of the activity, the ICT, in its General Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development 2002-2012, defines Development Plan 2002-2012, defines and delimits ten territorial planning units. Among them, the North Pacific Unit stands out, located in the province of Guanacaste in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Guanacaste province on the Costa Rican Pacific, where the city of Liberia is located as the main urban center and the Daniel Oduber airport, the second largest airport in the country with an in hierarchy in the country with an arrival of 572,544 visitors in 2016. Within this unit is the canton of Carrillo, which is characterized by having some of the most important centers of the country for having some of the oldest tourism development centers in the region, such as the such as El Coco, Playa Hermosa and Ocotal, from which chains of tourism have been and Ocotal, from which links have been formed with nearby communities; as a result, the area has undergone a change in land use, in particular, the transformation from agricultural to from agricultural to urban use, which has generated pressure on natural resources, mainly on the pressure on natural resources, mainly on groundwater resources (Orias, 2001). Located in northwestern Costa Rica, the study area, according to Köppen's classification, has a sub-humid tropical climate (Strahler, 1986) ,with a dry period of six months. In consideration of the above, climate change studies on climate change identify this area as the most vulnerable in the country, where it is the vulnerable zone of the country, where precipitation is expected to decrease and droughts to increase and an increase in droughts (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO, 2007; MAG, 2012), which would affect the different components of the different components of the region's tourism system. Considering the above, the development of instruments at the local level, which wouldlocal government, communities, businesses, and institutions with respect to the effects of theand institutions with respect to the effects of climate change on the canton's life cycle of the canton is the main reason for this research.
Since the 1990s, tourism activity in Costa Rica has played a major role in the economy due to the role in the economy due to the creation of infrastructure and the generation of employment, based and employment generation, based mainly on the existence of unique natural resources. In 2016, according to the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), a total of 2. 9 million tourists arrived in the country, which left an income equivalent to 6.4% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In order to plan the development of the activity, the ICT, in its General Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development 2002-2012, defines Development Plan 2002-2012, defines and delimits ten territorial planning units. Among them, the North Pacific Unit stands out, located in the province of Guanacaste in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Guanacaste province on the Costa Rican Pacific, where the city of Liberia is located as the main urban center and the Daniel Oduber airport, the second largest airport in the country with an in hierarchy in the country with an arrival of 572,544 visitors in 2016. Within this unit is the canton of Carrillo, which is characterized by having some of the most important centers of the country for having some of the oldest tourism development centers in the region, such as the such as El Coco, Playa Hermosa and Ocotal, from which chains of tourism have been and Ocotal, from which links have been formed with nearby communities; as a result, the area has undergone a change in land use, in particular, the transformation from agricultural to from agricultural to urban use, which has generated pressure on natural resources, mainly on the pressure on natural resources, mainly on groundwater resources (Orias, 2001). Located in northwestern Costa Rica, the study area, according to Köppen's classification, has a sub-humid tropical climate (Strahler, 1986) ,with a dry period of six months. In consideration of the above, climate change studies on climate change identify this area as the most vulnerable in the country, where it is the vulnerable zone of the country, where precipitation is expected to decrease and droughts to increase and an increase in droughts (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO, 2007; MAG, 2012), which would affect the different components of the different components of the region's tourism system. Considering the above, the development of instruments at the local level, which wouldlocal government, communities, businesses, and institutions with respect to the effects of theand institutions with respect to the effects of climate change on the canton's life cycle of the canton is the main reason for this research.
Descripción
Optar por el grado de doctor (a) en geografía
Palabras clave
ECONOMIA, TURISMO, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, PLANIFICACION REGIONAL, DESARROLLO TURÍSTICO, CARRILLO (GUANACASTE), COSTA RICA, ECONOMY, TOURISM, CLIMATE CHANGE, REGIONAL PLANNING, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT