Especies vegetales utilizadas por las abejas nativas sin aguijón (apidae: meliponini), para la construcción de sus nidos, en el distrito Las Mercedes, Atenas, Costa Rica
Fecha
2021-08
Autores
Amaya Medina, José Darwin Jair
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La presente investigación se realizó entre los meses comprendidos entre marzo a junio en la Finca Rodolfo Arce, ubicada en el distrito de las Mercedes, Cantón de Atenas, Provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica, a una altura de 950 msnm. Esta se realizó con el objetivo de identificar las especies vegetales utilizadas por las abejas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini) para la construcción de sus nidos en un bosque de las Mercedes, Atenas, Alajuela. El estudio se realizó en un área de 10 hectáreas de las cuales 6 ha eran de bosque y 4 ha dedicadas al café junto a algunas especies arbóreas y colinda con el bosque Municipal de Atenas (Figura 4). En el área de estudio se seleccionaron 4 parcelas de 40 x 40 m (1.600 m2), para un área total de 6.400 m2 (0.64 ha) y fuera de las parcelas donde se encontraba el cultivo de café (4 ha) y por un camino que se encontraba rumbo a la Parcela número 3. Se observaron las especies vegetales que presentaban nidos de ASA, para las cuales se determinó la especie, se midió el DAP y la altura en la cual se encontraba anidando la especie (Anexo 2). Se encontraron 18 nidos de abejas distribuidos en dos tribus: Meliponini (17) y Apini (1), pertenecientes a 7 especies de abejas; Scaptotrigona pectoralis (5), Plebeia jatiformis (3), Trigona nigerrima (3), Tetragonisca angustula (3), Plebeia frontalis (2). Tetragona ziegleri (1) y Apis mellifera (1). Estos nidos se encontraron en 10 especies de árboles; Ficus jimenezii (4), Ceiba pentandra (3), Erythrina poeppigiana (2), Myrsine corralis (1), Persea sp. (1), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (2), Bravaisia integerrima (1), Ceiba peltata (2), Inga sp. (1), Terminalia oblonga (1). De los cuales 7 estaban dentro de las Parcelas y 11 Fuera de las Parcelas. Se hicieron estudios de correlación realizando la Prueba de Fisher entre especie de ASA y la altura en la que se encontraron sus nidos, especie de árbol y especie de abeja, especie de abeja y DAP del árbol. Encontrando correlación entre T. nigerrima con la altura del nido, existiendo una preferencia por esta para construir sus nidos a alturas entre (11m - 22 m); esto debido a que sus nidos son expuestos y se ve en la necesidad de protegerlos de depredadores. También se encontraron correlaciones entre las especies de árboles C. pentandra y la especie T. nigerrima; F. jimenezii y T. angustula; Erythrina poeppigiana y Plebeia jatiformis. Únicamente para el caso del DAP no se encontró ninguna correlación de este con el nido de la especie de ASA encontrada. Por lo que se puede decir que los sitios de anidación escogidos por las abejas no tienen una fuente independiente de la especie vegetal utilizada, sino que se guían más por la oportunidad de encontrar alguna cavidad disponible que se adapte al tamaño de la ASA y de la colonia. Por esta razón se hace necesario la preservación de los bosques y la siembra de árboles nativos adaptados a la misma zona donde hay diversidad de ASA, que les sirvan tanto como sitios de anidación como alimentación
The present investigation was carried out between the months between March and June at the Rodolfo Arce Estate, located in the district of Las Mercedes, Canton of Atenas, Province of Alajuela, Costa Rica, at an altitude of 950 meters above sea level. This was carried out with the objective of identifying the plant species used by stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) for the construction of their nests in a forest in Las Mercedes, Atenas, Alajuela. The study was carried out in an area of 10 hectares, of which 6 ha were forest and 4 ha were dedicated to coffee along with some tree species and it borders the Municipal forest of Atenas (Figure 4). In the study area, 4 plots of 40 x 40 m (1,600 m2) were selected, for a total area of 6,400 m2 (0.64 ha) and outside the plots where the coffee cultivation was located (4 ha) and along a road which was heading to Plot number 3. The plant species that presented ASA nests were observed, for which the species was determined, the DBH and the height at which the species was nesting was measured (Annex 2). There were 18 nests of bees distributed in two tribes: Meliponini (17) and Apini (1), belonging to 7 species of bees; Scaptotrigona pectoralis (5), Plebeia jatiformis (3), Trigona nigerrima (3), Tetragonisca angustula (3), Plebeia frontalis (2). Tetragona ziegleri (1) and Apis mellifera (1). These nests were found in 10 species of trees; Ficus jimenezii (4), Ceiba pentandra (3), Erythrina poeppigiana (2), Myrsine corralis (1), Persea sp. (1), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (2), Bravaisia integerrima (1), Ceiba peltata (2), Inga sp. (1), Terminalia oblonga (1). Of which 7 were within the Parcels and 11 Outside the Parcels. Correlation studies were carried out by performing the Fisher Test between ASA species and the height at which their nests were found, tree species and bee species, bee species and tree DBH. Finding a correlation between T. nigerrima with the height of the nest, with a preference for it to build their nests at heights between (11m - 22 m); This is due to the fact that their nests are exposed and it is necessary to protect them from predators. Correlations were also found between the tree species C. pentandra and the species T. nigerrima; F. jimenezii and T. angustula; Erythrina poeppigiana and Plebeia jatiformis. Only in the case of DAP, no correlation was found between it and the nest of the ASA species found. So it can be said that the nesting sites chosen by the bees do not have a source independent of the plant species used, but rather are guided more by the opportunity to find some available cavity that adapts to the size of the ASA and the Suburb. For this reason, it is necessary to preserve the forests and plant native trees adapted to the same area where there is ASA diversity, which serve as both nesting and feeding sites
The present investigation was carried out between the months between March and June at the Rodolfo Arce Estate, located in the district of Las Mercedes, Canton of Atenas, Province of Alajuela, Costa Rica, at an altitude of 950 meters above sea level. This was carried out with the objective of identifying the plant species used by stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) for the construction of their nests in a forest in Las Mercedes, Atenas, Alajuela. The study was carried out in an area of 10 hectares, of which 6 ha were forest and 4 ha were dedicated to coffee along with some tree species and it borders the Municipal forest of Atenas (Figure 4). In the study area, 4 plots of 40 x 40 m (1,600 m2) were selected, for a total area of 6,400 m2 (0.64 ha) and outside the plots where the coffee cultivation was located (4 ha) and along a road which was heading to Plot number 3. The plant species that presented ASA nests were observed, for which the species was determined, the DBH and the height at which the species was nesting was measured (Annex 2). There were 18 nests of bees distributed in two tribes: Meliponini (17) and Apini (1), belonging to 7 species of bees; Scaptotrigona pectoralis (5), Plebeia jatiformis (3), Trigona nigerrima (3), Tetragonisca angustula (3), Plebeia frontalis (2). Tetragona ziegleri (1) and Apis mellifera (1). These nests were found in 10 species of trees; Ficus jimenezii (4), Ceiba pentandra (3), Erythrina poeppigiana (2), Myrsine corralis (1), Persea sp. (1), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (2), Bravaisia integerrima (1), Ceiba peltata (2), Inga sp. (1), Terminalia oblonga (1). Of which 7 were within the Parcels and 11 Outside the Parcels. Correlation studies were carried out by performing the Fisher Test between ASA species and the height at which their nests were found, tree species and bee species, bee species and tree DBH. Finding a correlation between T. nigerrima with the height of the nest, with a preference for it to build their nests at heights between (11m - 22 m); This is due to the fact that their nests are exposed and it is necessary to protect them from predators. Correlations were also found between the tree species C. pentandra and the species T. nigerrima; F. jimenezii and T. angustula; Erythrina poeppigiana and Plebeia jatiformis. Only in the case of DAP, no correlation was found between it and the nest of the ASA species found. So it can be said that the nesting sites chosen by the bees do not have a source independent of the plant species used, but rather are guided more by the opportunity to find some available cavity that adapts to the size of the ASA and the Suburb. For this reason, it is necessary to preserve the forests and plant native trees adapted to the same area where there is ASA diversity, which serve as both nesting and feeding sites
Descripción
Maestría en Apicultura Tropical (MAT)
Palabras clave
ABEJAS, BEES, ABEJAS SIN AGUIJÓN, APIDAE MELIPONINAE, BEES WITHOUT STEM, HIVE, COLMENAS