Aproximación al estado de inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares en Costa Rica
Fecha
2021
Autores
Chacón Araya, Karen
Segura Carmona, Rafael
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La inseguridad alimentaria es un fenómeno cada vez más recurrente a nivel internacional. No obstante lo anterior, se cuenta con poca información que permita por un lado, caracterizar con precisión los grupos de la población que se encuentran en esta condición, y por otro, medir los impactos que esta situación genera sobre el estado de salud y las capacidades cognitivas de las personas, el derecho humano a la alimentación y el desarrollo humano. Costa Rica no es la excepción, pese a esfuerzos recientes1 no se dispone de indicadores que posibiliten generar en tiempo real informes y análisis a profundidad en la materia. Sin ello no es posible determinar acciones que tengan un efecto real y significativo sobre esta problemática, ni “corregir” los rezagos estructurales que la exacerban. Esta investigación realiza una aproximación al estado de la inseguridad alimentaria en Costa Rica a partir de la información recopilada en la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2020 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Tras un breve repaso de antecedentes, se realiza un análisis del perfil de los hogares según la situación de inseguridad alimentaria (IA). Además, se identifican los principales factores que podrían hacer que un hogar entre o salga de esta condición, se determina la probabilidad de que un hogar experimente inseguridad alimentaria según sus características (geográficas, demográficas y económicas), y se detallan objetos de política pública para asegurar acciones que eviten o minimicen la probabilidad de sufrir IA. Los resultados preliminares indican que, entre julio de 2019 y junio de 2020, el 47,6% de los hogares en Costa Rica enfrentó limitaciones para obtener alimentos suficientes. Lo que significa que experimentó -medido desde el acceso a los alimentos- algún grado IA. De estos el 33,6% sufrieron baja IA y el 14% restante alta inseguridad alimentaria. Otro hallazgo relevante es que los hogares con mayor incidencia de IA están en regiones periféricas como la Pacífico Central, Huetar Norte y Chorotega. En estas más del 55% de los hogares registraron IA. Paralelamente, se observó que, con excepción de la Región Brunca, en todas las regiones del país el porcentaje de hogares con jefatura femenina en IA supera aquellos que se encuentran en la misma situación pero que tienen como cabeza de hogar a un hombre. Por último, se encontró que un hogar compuesto, en el que la persona jefa es mujer, joven, nacional de algún país centroamericano (exceptuando a Costa Rica), que además se localiza en la zona urbana, con clima educativo bajo, en pobreza multidimensional, sin vivienda propia y en mal estado, con hacinamiento y con baja o nula capacidad de pagar servicios privados como el internet, tiene una probabilidad del 97,5% de sufrir IA.
Food insecurity is an increasingly recurrent phenomenon at the international level. However, there is little information available to accurately characterize the population groups that are in this condition, and to measure the impact of this situation on people's state of health and cognitive capacities, the human right to food and human development. Costa Rica is no exception; despite recent efforts1 , there are no indicators available that make it possible to generate real-time reports and in-depth analysis on the subject. Without this, it is not possible to determine actions that would have a real and significant effect on this problem, nor "correct" the structural lags that exacerbate it. This research makes an approximation to the state of food insecurity in Costa Rica based on the information collected in the National Household Survey 2020 of the National Institute of Statistics and Census. After a brief background review, an analysis is made of the household profile according to food insecurity (FI) status. In addition, the main factors that could cause a household to enter or exit this condition are identified, the probability of a household experiencing food insecurity is determined according to its characteristics (geographic, demographic and economic), and public policy objects are detailed to ensure actions to avoid or minimize the probability of suffering FS. Preliminary results indicate that, between July 2019 and June 2020, 47.6% of households in Costa Rica faced limitations in obtaining sufficient food. Meaning that they experienced -measured from access to food- some degree of AI. Of these, 33.6% suffered low AI and the remaining 14% suffered high food insecurity. Another relevant finding is that households with the highest incidence of AI are in peripheral regions such as Central Pacific, Huetar Norte and Chorotega. In these regions, more than 55% of households registered AI. At the same time, it was observed that, with the exception of the Brunca Region, in all regions of the country the percentage of female-headed households in AI exceeds those in the same situation but headed by a man. Finally, it was found that a composite household in which the head is female, young, a national of a Central American country (except Costa Rica), located in an urban area, with a low educational level, in multidimensional poverty, without own housing and in poor condition, with overcrowding and with little or no ability to pay for private services such as internet, has a 97.5% probability of suffering IA.
Food insecurity is an increasingly recurrent phenomenon at the international level. However, there is little information available to accurately characterize the population groups that are in this condition, and to measure the impact of this situation on people's state of health and cognitive capacities, the human right to food and human development. Costa Rica is no exception; despite recent efforts1 , there are no indicators available that make it possible to generate real-time reports and in-depth analysis on the subject. Without this, it is not possible to determine actions that would have a real and significant effect on this problem, nor "correct" the structural lags that exacerbate it. This research makes an approximation to the state of food insecurity in Costa Rica based on the information collected in the National Household Survey 2020 of the National Institute of Statistics and Census. After a brief background review, an analysis is made of the household profile according to food insecurity (FI) status. In addition, the main factors that could cause a household to enter or exit this condition are identified, the probability of a household experiencing food insecurity is determined according to its characteristics (geographic, demographic and economic), and public policy objects are detailed to ensure actions to avoid or minimize the probability of suffering FS. Preliminary results indicate that, between July 2019 and June 2020, 47.6% of households in Costa Rica faced limitations in obtaining sufficient food. Meaning that they experienced -measured from access to food- some degree of AI. Of these, 33.6% suffered low AI and the remaining 14% suffered high food insecurity. Another relevant finding is that households with the highest incidence of AI are in peripheral regions such as Central Pacific, Huetar Norte and Chorotega. In these regions, more than 55% of households registered AI. At the same time, it was observed that, with the exception of the Brunca Region, in all regions of the country the percentage of female-headed households in AI exceeds those in the same situation but headed by a man. Finally, it was found that a composite household in which the head is female, young, a national of a Central American country (except Costa Rica), located in an urban area, with a low educational level, in multidimensional poverty, without own housing and in poor condition, with overcrowding and with little or no ability to pay for private services such as internet, has a 97.5% probability of suffering IA.
Descripción
Informe Estado de la Nación en Desarrollo Humano Sostenible 2021
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, DESARROLLO HUMANO, POBREZA, SOSTENIBILIDAD, ZONAS RURALES, COSTA RICA, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, SUSTAINABILITY
Citación
Aproximación al estado de inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares en Costa Rica / Karen Chacón Araya, Rafael Segura Carmona. -- Datos electrónicos (1 archivo : 1.100 kb). -- San José, C.R. : CONARE - PEN, 2021.