Uso de plaguicidas en cultivos agrícolas como herramienta para el monitoreo de peligros en salud
Fecha
2013
Autores
Bravo Durán, Virya
De La Cruz Malavassi, Elba
Herrera Ledezma, Gustavo
Ramírez Muñoz, Fernando
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Costa Rica ha incrementado el uso de plaguicidas de mayor toxicidad, debido entre otras cosas al desarrollo de plagas más resistentes y la necesidad que tienen algunos productos agrícolas de exportación de mantener su posición en el mercado internacional. El ser humano alentrar en contacto con los plaguicidas puede experimentar efectos adversos en su salud desde agudos hasta crónicos que se manifiestan en diferentes grados. Para generar indicadores de peligro en salud en algunos cultivos por el uso de estas sustancias, se utilizaron la cantidad de plaguicidas aplicada y su toxicidad. Los datos de uso se recopilan directamente de los productores, a través de un cuestionario, los ingredientes activos identificados se caracterizaron por su toxicidad y se clasificaron por la manifestación de los efectos. Se calculó como indicador la cantidad de plaguicidas aplicada (kg ia/ha/año) por las clases de toxicidad consideradas más peligrosas:1. Efectos de toxicidad aguda en grado de alto a extremo y 2. Tres o más efectos crónicos positivos. Se recomienda vigilar el uso de bromuro de metilo, metam sodio, terbufos, etoprofos, endosulfan, MCPA y carbofuran por toxicidad aguda de alta a extrema y mancozeb, paraquat, diazinon, 2,4-D y carbofuran por efectos crónicos.
In Costa Rica the use of toxic pesticides has increased. This is mainly due to the development of resistant pests, and the need for certain agricultural export products to maintain its position in the international marketplace. Humans when in contact with pesticides can experience adverse health effects, ranging from acute to chronic and that manifest in different degrees.To generate indicators of the hazards arising in the human health posed by the use of these substances in some crops, the amount of pesticides applied and their toxicity was used. Data of pesticide use were collected directly from producers, through a questionnaire. The active ingredients identified were characterized in accordance with their toxicity and classified according to the manifestation of the effects. The indicatorsused were the amount of pesticides applied(kg ai /ha /year) for the most considered toxic class:1-effectsfor acute toxicity onhigh-grade and,2-the pesticides with three or more positive chronic effects. It is recommended to monitor the use ofmethyl bromide, metamsodium, terbufos, ethoprophos, endosulfan, MCPA and carbofuran for high to extreme acute toxicity, and the one of mancozeb, paraquat, diazinon, 2,4-Dandcarbofuranforchronic effects.
In Costa Rica the use of toxic pesticides has increased. This is mainly due to the development of resistant pests, and the need for certain agricultural export products to maintain its position in the international marketplace. Humans when in contact with pesticides can experience adverse health effects, ranging from acute to chronic and that manifest in different degrees.To generate indicators of the hazards arising in the human health posed by the use of these substances in some crops, the amount of pesticides applied and their toxicity was used. Data of pesticide use were collected directly from producers, through a questionnaire. The active ingredients identified were characterized in accordance with their toxicity and classified according to the manifestation of the effects. The indicatorsused were the amount of pesticides applied(kg ai /ha /year) for the most considered toxic class:1-effectsfor acute toxicity onhigh-grade and,2-the pesticides with three or more positive chronic effects. It is recommended to monitor the use ofmethyl bromide, metamsodium, terbufos, ethoprophos, endosulfan, MCPA and carbofuran for high to extreme acute toxicity, and the one of mancozeb, paraquat, diazinon, 2,4-Dandcarbofuranforchronic effects.
Descripción
Palabras clave
CULTIVOS, PLAGUICIDAS, CANTIDAD, TOXICIDAD, INDICADORES, PELIGROS, SALUD, PESTICIDES, CROPS