Efecto de campos electromagnéticos inducidos a baja intensidad sobre procesos morfo-fisiológicos y de productividad de Zea mays L. var Porva, como alternativa tecnológica sostenible para la producción agrícola
Fecha
2023
Autores
Suárez Rivero, Deivis
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Tecnológico de Costa Rica
Resumen
Al analizar la problemática del sector primario agrícola, se puede observar que la calidad de las semillas botánicas como material de propagación se convierte en una limitante productiva. Uno de los principales problemas que se registra en la literatura especializada en materia de propagación por semilla botánica es la dormancia seminal, lo que impacta al agricultor en el momento de siembra, puesto que tendrá que utilizar más semillas para la misma superficie o tendrá menor número de plantas por unidad de superficie. En el anterior contexto, este proyecto buscó evaluar el efecto que generan los campos electromagnéticos inducidos sobre las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y productividad de plantas de Zea mays L. var Porva como alternativa tecnológica sostenible para la producción agrícola de este cultivo. Para ello, las semillas se sometieron, previo a la siembra, a tres intensidades de campo electromagnético (23, 70 y 118 µT) con cuatro tiempos de exposición (1, 3 y 5 horas diarias por 15 días y exposición permanente durante los 15 días), dejando un grupo control sin exposición a campos electromagnéticos. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con el proceso de germinación, entre ellas el porcentaje de germinación, la germinación diaria y acumulada, altura (cm), longitud de la raíz (cm), masa fresca aérea y de la raíz (g), así como masa seca aérea y de las raíces (g). Las variables anteriormente mencionadas se determinaron en dos momentos, exceptúan las relacionadas a la germinación, para determinar indicadores fisiológicos que describen el desarrollo del cultivo (Tasa de Crecimiento Relativo – TCR, Tasa de Asimilación Neta – TAN, Índice de Área Foliar – IAF, Tasa de Crecimiento de Cultivo – TCC, Tasa Absoluta de Crecimiento – TAC, Duración de Área Foliar – DAF y Área Foliar Especifica - AFE). Por otra parte, con la finalidad de caracterizar la producción, se evaluaron las características morfológicas de la mazorca y frutos (peso de la mazorca con amero, peso de tusa, peso de frutos y número de hileras), así mismo se extrajo el almidón del maíz para su caracterización por Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido, análisis cristalográfico por difracción de Rayos X, espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y Viscosidad Aparente. Se realizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y de Levene, esta última para establecer la
homogeneidad de la varianza y así proceder al ANOVA. Finalmente se realizaron pruebas de rangos múltiples para establecer el comportamiento de las variables en comparación con el control. En todos los casos se empleó el software SPSS. En el anterior contexto experimental se evidencia que el proceso de germinación se vio estimulado por la aplicación de los campos electromagnéticos a intensidad media (70 µT), pero a sus más altos tiempos de exposición (300ˈ y Permanente durante 15 días), presentándose una conducta similar para germinación diaria, dinámica de germinación, longitud de la raíz y altura de la planta, similar a lo ocurrido la síntesis de pigmentos, biomasa fresca y seca, con exposición a 70 µT por 180ˈ, con su consiguiente reflejo en los indicadores fisiológicos evaluados, difiriendo siempre del control. Por otra parte, en materia de rendimiento del cultivo, los análisis estadísticos reflejan un mejor
comportamiento de todas las variables analizadas para la exposición a 118 µT por 300ˈ y Permanente durante 15 días, difiriendo significativamente en la mayoría de las variables que componen este. Así mismo, en materia de variables de calidad del almidón extraído del maíz, es de resaltar que esta no se vio afectada al ser comparada con el control para ninguno de las pruebas efectuadas.
When analyzing the problems of the primary agricultural sector, it can be observed that the quality of botanical seeds as propagation material becomes a productive constraint. One of the main problems reported in the specialized literature on botanical seed propagation is seed dormancy, which impacts the farmer at the time of planting, since he will have to use more seeds for the same area or will have fewer plants per unit area. In this context, this project sought to evaluate the effect of induced electromagnetic fields on the growth, development, and productivity variables of Zea mays L. var Porva plants as a sustainable technological alternative for the agricultural production of this crop. For this purpose, seeds were subjected, prior to sowing, to three electromagnetic field intensities (23, 70 and 118 µT) with four exposure times (1, 3 and 5 hours daily for 15 days and permanent exposure during the 15 days), leaving a control group without exposure to electromagnetic fields. Variables related to the germination process were analyzed, including germination percentage, daily and cumulative germination, height (cm), root length (cm), aerial and root fresh mass (g), as well as aerial and root dry mass (g). The variables were determined at two moments, except those related to germination, to determine physiological indicators that describe the development of the crop (Relative Growth Rate - RGR, Net Assimilation Rate - NAR, Leaf Area Index - LAI, Crop Growth Rate - CGR, Absolute Growth Rate - AGR, Leaf Area Duration - LAD and Specific Leaf Area - SFA). On the other hand, in order to characterize the production, the morphological characteristics of the ear and fruits were evaluated (weight of the ear with amero, weight of the cassava, weight of fruits and number of rows), likewise the starch of the corn was extracted for its characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy, crystallographic analysis by X-Ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Apparent Viscosity. The Shapiro-Wilk and Levene normality tests were performed, the latter to establish homogeneity of variance and thus proceed to ANOVA. Finally, multiple range tests were performed to establish the behavior of the variables in comparison with the control. SPSS software was used in all cases. In the above experimental context, it is evident that the germination process was stimulated by the application of electromagnetic fields at medium intensity (70 µT), but at their highest exposure times (300ˈ and Permanent for 15 days), presenting a similar behavior for daily germination, germination dynamics, root length and plant height, similar to what occurred for pigment synthesis, fresh and dry biomass, with exposure to 70 µT for 180ˈ, with its consequent reflection in the physiological indicators evaluated, always differing from the control. On the other hand, in terms of crop yield, the statistical analyses reflect a better performance of all the variables analyzed for exposure to 118 µT by 300ˈ and Permanent for 15 days, differing significantly in most of the variables that compose it. Likewise, in terms of the quality variables of the starch extracted from corn, it should be noted that it was not affected when compared with the control for any of the tests performed.
When analyzing the problems of the primary agricultural sector, it can be observed that the quality of botanical seeds as propagation material becomes a productive constraint. One of the main problems reported in the specialized literature on botanical seed propagation is seed dormancy, which impacts the farmer at the time of planting, since he will have to use more seeds for the same area or will have fewer plants per unit area. In this context, this project sought to evaluate the effect of induced electromagnetic fields on the growth, development, and productivity variables of Zea mays L. var Porva plants as a sustainable technological alternative for the agricultural production of this crop. For this purpose, seeds were subjected, prior to sowing, to three electromagnetic field intensities (23, 70 and 118 µT) with four exposure times (1, 3 and 5 hours daily for 15 days and permanent exposure during the 15 days), leaving a control group without exposure to electromagnetic fields. Variables related to the germination process were analyzed, including germination percentage, daily and cumulative germination, height (cm), root length (cm), aerial and root fresh mass (g), as well as aerial and root dry mass (g). The variables were determined at two moments, except those related to germination, to determine physiological indicators that describe the development of the crop (Relative Growth Rate - RGR, Net Assimilation Rate - NAR, Leaf Area Index - LAI, Crop Growth Rate - CGR, Absolute Growth Rate - AGR, Leaf Area Duration - LAD and Specific Leaf Area - SFA). On the other hand, in order to characterize the production, the morphological characteristics of the ear and fruits were evaluated (weight of the ear with amero, weight of the cassava, weight of fruits and number of rows), likewise the starch of the corn was extracted for its characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy, crystallographic analysis by X-Ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Apparent Viscosity. The Shapiro-Wilk and Levene normality tests were performed, the latter to establish homogeneity of variance and thus proceed to ANOVA. Finally, multiple range tests were performed to establish the behavior of the variables in comparison with the control. SPSS software was used in all cases. In the above experimental context, it is evident that the germination process was stimulated by the application of electromagnetic fields at medium intensity (70 µT), but at their highest exposure times (300ˈ and Permanent for 15 days), presenting a similar behavior for daily germination, germination dynamics, root length and plant height, similar to what occurred for pigment synthesis, fresh and dry biomass, with exposure to 70 µT for 180ˈ, with its consequent reflection in the physiological indicators evaluated, always differing from the control. On the other hand, in terms of crop yield, the statistical analyses reflect a better performance of all the variables analyzed for exposure to 118 µT by 300ˈ and Permanent for 15 days, differing significantly in most of the variables that compose it. Likewise, in terms of the quality variables of the starch extracted from corn, it should be noted that it was not affected when compared with the control for any of the tests performed.
Descripción
Suárez Rivero, D. (2023). Efecto de campos electromagnéticos inducidos a baja intensidad sobre procesos morfo-fisiológicos
y de productividad de Zea mays L. var Porva, como alternativa tecnológica sostenible para la producción agrícola. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago.
Palabras clave
ALGODÓN, AGROINDUSTRIA, ELECTROMAGNETISMO, GERMINACIÓN, AGROINDUSTRY, ELECTROMAGNETISM, COTTON, GERMINATION