Estudio exploratorio del comportamiento de votación de los estados centroamericanos y la República Dominicana en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (2000-2020) : investigación de base
Fecha
2021
Autores
Cascante Segura, Carlos Humberto
Fonseca Hernández, Raúl Gerardo
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Editor
San José, Costa Rica : PEN
Resumen
Los países centroamericanos, al igual que República Dominicana, por su debilidad relativa en términos políticos, militares y económicos requieren desarrollar una serie de capacidades en el manejo de sus relaciones exteriores, que les permitan alcanzar objetivos estratégicos para su desarrollo nacional. Lamentablemente, los endémicos problemas de insuficiencia económica y decisión política para el desarrollo de estados fuertes y eficaces han impedido que las relaciones con el entorno internacional constituyan un tema de primer orden entre las preocupaciones políticas de la región, más que en temas y momentos excepcionales. Este desinterés por lo internacional se refleja en la debilidad de los estudios empíricos sobre política exterior en la región, pese a que desde la década de 1970 se cuenta con departamentos de Relaciones Internacionales en diversas universidades en nuestros países. Desde esta perspectiva, este trabajo pretende contribuir al desarrollo de este tipo de investigaciones. Para ello, se ha enfocado en un escenario relevante para la política exterior como lo es la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidad y dentro de estas las votaciones en resoluciones no aprobadas mediante consenso, en este foro. Las resoluciones de la Asamblea General, además de un valor jurídico relevante, pueden generar influencia en el comportamiento de los Estados, así como exponer el rechazo generalizado de la mayoría de la comunidad internacional al comportamiento de otro de sus actores. Desde esta perspectiva, reflejan una parte de la política exterior, entendida como el comportamiento de un Estado ante otros actores internacionales. De tal forma, el objetivo de este estudio consiste en explorar esta materia y con dicha información caracterizar las líneas de votación de Guatemala, Belice, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana en la Asamblea General de las Naciones, para determinar la existencia de coincidencias o discordancias entre estos países y otros actores extrarregionales durante el periodo 2000-2020. Para con ello responder las siguientes preguntas de investigación: • ¿En qué medida los países mencionados guardan similitudes de votación en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas? • ¿Es posible reconocer patrones entre los países a lo largo del periodo estudiado? • ¿Cuáles son los temas en que existe mayor congruencia/afinidad entre los países centroamericanos a la hora de votar? • ¿Con cuáles países o bloques geopolíticos globales con los que existe mayor afinidad? • ¿Esa afinidad ha cambiado a lo largo del tiempo y según sean los temas discutidos? Estas interrogantes permiten iniciar un estudio exploratorio del comportamiento de los estados mencionadas, las visiones que comporten o los separan en ciertos temas y la forma en que se interrelacionan con actores extrarregionales a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Resulta importante señalar que este trabajo, aunque esboza algunas hipótesis a lo largo del texto, no pretende establecer causalidades de los patrones que describe. Este objetivo, deseable y alcanzable, requiere de estudios de profundización y la sistematización de una serie de variables independientes con las que aún no se cuenta. A pesar de ello, no cabe duda de que permitirá el surgimiento de interrogantes más analíticas que acerarían a estudios futuros a determinar las causas que explican tales patrones de votación. El texto se encuentra ordenado en cinco acápites: el primero realiza un breve estudio de la literatura académica sobre esta materia; el segundo, establece el aparato metodológico empleado; el tercero, describe los patrones de votación entre los sujetos de estudio; el cuarto se concentra en los patrones de votación particulares de estos sujetos con otros actores del entorno internacional; el quinto estudia el cambio de votación en los actores sujetos de este estudio.
Central American countries, like the Dominican Republic, due to their relative weakness in political, military and economic terms, need to develop a series of capabilities in the management of their foreign relations that will allow them to achieve strategic objectives for their national development. Unfortunately, the endemic problems of economic insufficiency and political decisiveness for the development of strong and effective states have prevented relations with the international environment from being a major political concern in the region, except in exceptional cases and at exceptional moments. This lack of interest in international issues is reflected in the weakness of empirical studies on foreign policy in the region, despite the fact that since the 1970s there have been departments of International Relations in several universities in our countries. From this perspective, this paper aims to contribute to the development of this type of research. To this end, it has focused on a relevant scenario for foreign policy such as the United Nations General Assembly and, within this forum, the voting on resolutions not approved by consensus. The resolutions of the General Assembly, in addition to having a relevant legal value, can influence the behavior of States and expose the generalized rejection of the majority of the international community to the behavior of another of its actors. From this perspective, they reflect a part of foreign policy, understood as the behavior of a State vis-à-vis other international actors. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore this issue and with this information characterize the voting lines of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and the Dominican Republic in the General Assembly of the United Nations, in order to determine the existence of coincidences or disagreements between these countries and other extra-regional actors during the period 2000-2020. In order to answer the following research questions: -To what extent do the aforementioned countries have similarities in voting in the United Nations General Assembly? -Is it possible to recognize patterns among the countries over the period studied? -What are the issues on which there is greater congruence/affinity among the Central American countries when voting? -With which countries or global geopolitical blocs is there greater affinity? -Has this affinity changed over time and according to the issues discussed? These questions allow us to begin an exploratory study of the behavior of the aforementioned states, the visions they hold or separate them on certain issues and the way in which they interrelate with extra-regional actors throughout the study period. It is important to note that this paper, although it outlines some hypotheses throughout the text, does not attempt to establish causalities for the patterns it describes. This objective, which is desirable and achievable, requires in-depth studies and the systematization of a series of independent variables that are not yet available. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that it will allow the emergence of more analytical questions that would bring future studies closer to determining the causes that explain such voting patterns. The text is organized in five sections: the first is a brief survey of the academic literature on this subject; the second establishes the methodological apparatus employed; the third describes the voting patterns among the subjects of the study; the fourth concentrates on the particular voting patterns of these subjects with other actors in the international environment; the fifth studies the change in voting among the actors who are the subjects of this study.
Central American countries, like the Dominican Republic, due to their relative weakness in political, military and economic terms, need to develop a series of capabilities in the management of their foreign relations that will allow them to achieve strategic objectives for their national development. Unfortunately, the endemic problems of economic insufficiency and political decisiveness for the development of strong and effective states have prevented relations with the international environment from being a major political concern in the region, except in exceptional cases and at exceptional moments. This lack of interest in international issues is reflected in the weakness of empirical studies on foreign policy in the region, despite the fact that since the 1970s there have been departments of International Relations in several universities in our countries. From this perspective, this paper aims to contribute to the development of this type of research. To this end, it has focused on a relevant scenario for foreign policy such as the United Nations General Assembly and, within this forum, the voting on resolutions not approved by consensus. The resolutions of the General Assembly, in addition to having a relevant legal value, can influence the behavior of States and expose the generalized rejection of the majority of the international community to the behavior of another of its actors. From this perspective, they reflect a part of foreign policy, understood as the behavior of a State vis-à-vis other international actors. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore this issue and with this information characterize the voting lines of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and the Dominican Republic in the General Assembly of the United Nations, in order to determine the existence of coincidences or disagreements between these countries and other extra-regional actors during the period 2000-2020. In order to answer the following research questions: -To what extent do the aforementioned countries have similarities in voting in the United Nations General Assembly? -Is it possible to recognize patterns among the countries over the period studied? -What are the issues on which there is greater congruence/affinity among the Central American countries when voting? -With which countries or global geopolitical blocs is there greater affinity? -Has this affinity changed over time and according to the issues discussed? These questions allow us to begin an exploratory study of the behavior of the aforementioned states, the visions they hold or separate them on certain issues and the way in which they interrelate with extra-regional actors throughout the study period. It is important to note that this paper, although it outlines some hypotheses throughout the text, does not attempt to establish causalities for the patterns it describes. This objective, which is desirable and achievable, requires in-depth studies and the systematization of a series of independent variables that are not yet available. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that it will allow the emergence of more analytical questions that would bring future studies closer to determining the causes that explain such voting patterns. The text is organized in five sections: the first is a brief survey of the academic literature on this subject; the second establishes the methodological apparatus employed; the third describes the voting patterns among the subjects of the study; the fourth concentrates on the particular voting patterns of these subjects with other actors in the international environment; the fifth studies the change in voting among the actors who are the subjects of this study.
Descripción
Ponencia presentada como investigación base para el Informe Estado de La Región 2021.
Palabras clave
AMÉRICA CENTRAL, ONU, REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA, VOTACIÓN, CENTRAL AMERICA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, UN, VOTING