Plan de educación ambiental para la gestión integral de residuos sólidos del Sistema Universitario de Manizales, Colombia
Fecha
2023
Autores
Calderón Cuartas, Paola Andrea
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La concepción de progreso, desarrollo y el optimismo tecnológico, han generado estilos de vida, modos de apropiación de la naturaleza y modelos económicos insostenibles, ocasionando una crisis socioecológica sin precedentes. Por ello, el uso sostenible de los recursos, la minimización de residuos antropogénicos y la recirculación de materiales son desafios significativos para aportar a la estabilidad del sistema Tierra y garantizar la integridad de la biosfera. Las universidades como ejes de transformación de los territorios, son escenarios idóneos para promover soluciones integrales que promuevan cambios estructurales basados en comportamientos ambientalmente responsables, que favorezcan entre otros, la transición hacia procesos de producción, consumo y posconsumo más sostenibles y logren revertir la situación de los límites planetarios a 2050. Esta tesis tuvo como objetivo proponer un Plan de Educación Ambiental (PEA) para la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos (GIRS) en el marco del Sistema Universitario de Manizales (SUMA), Colombia. La investigación priorizó un abordaje integrador desde la perspectiva teórica y metodológica aplicando técnicas y herramientas cuantitativas y cualitativas para lograr una comprensión sistémica de la problemática ambiental y la formulación contextualizada del PEA desde el enfoque propuesto de Educación Ambiental Efectiva (EAE). Entre las técnicas y herramientas metodológicas aplicadas para proponer el PEA como instrumento de planificación que guie los procesos educativo-ambientales asociados a los residuos sólidos en los campus universitarios de Manizales, se destacan: la aplicación de modelos teóricos de gestión y educación ambiental, el diseño de cuestionarios, el taller con actores/expertos, el mapeo cognitivo de lógica difusa, la simulación de escenarios futuros “que pasaría si” y el análisis estadístico.
El Modelo Gestión Integrada y Sostenible de Residuos Sólidos adaptado y aplicado durante la investigación, no solo favoreció la comprensión de la multidimensionalidad del sistema GIRS, sino que también reveló la interdependencia entre las variables involucradas. La participación de los actores/expertos de SUMA favoreció la generación de conocimiento sobre el sistema en el contexto universitario, a partir de su propia experiencia en los campus universitarios y facilitó el uso del software Mental Modeler para comprender el sistema e identificar los factores que pueden favorecerlo y limitarlo, simulando escenarios futuros que brindan herramientas a las autoridades universitarias para la toma de decisiones. Por su parte, el Modelo de Alfabetización Ambiental aplicado a la GIRS propuesto en esta tesis, sin precedentes en la literatura, orientó el estudio sobre las variables determinantes de los comportamientos para la GIRS y permitió estructurar el PEA a partir de una estrategia pedagógica basada en competencias, las cuales, articuladas a los tres niveles de dominio de la alfabetización ambiental: nominal o de sensibilización, funcional o de apropiación y operacional o de empoderamiento, favorecen los comportamientos ambientalmente responsables en los generadores de residuos sólidos. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la importancia de vincular a la Educación Ambiental (EA) con la Gestión Ambiental (GA) desde el enfoque de EAE, con el propósito de lograr los cambios de comportamiento asociados a los residuos sólidos en los campus universitarios. Considerando que el contexto es la variable que más influye en los comportamientos para la GIRS de la comunidad universitaria analizada, la EA por sí misma, aún proyectada desde el paradigma constructivista, puede tornarse insuficiente, sino se apoya de una GA que posibilite las acciones asociadas a esos comportamientos. Es así, como la propuesta de EAE constituida por dos ejes estratégicos: Alfabetización ambiental y Gestión y ordenamiento ambiental del campus para la GIRS, prioriza varias líneas de acción desde la EA orientadas hacia la capacitación y la educomunicación, y desde la GA para las compras institucionales sostenibles, el consumo responsable y el mejoramiento de la infraestructura y mobiliario para la GIRS. Se resalta el potencial que tiene el PEA para aumentar su alcance e impacto en el contexto territorial, considerando que cada integrante de la comunidad universitaria es un ciudadano generador de residuos, que podrá aplicar sus capacidades en otros contextos diferentes a los campus. Los comportamientos para la GIRS dependerán entonces de las posibilidades ciudadanas que ofrezcan los contextos urbanos.
The conception of progress, development and technological optimism have generated lifestyles, ways of appropriating nature and unsustainable economic models, causing an unprecedented socio-ecological crisis. Therefore, the sustainable use of resources, the minimization of anthropogenic waste and the recirculation of materials are significant challenges to contribute to the stability of the Earth system and guarantee the integrity of the biosphere. Universities as axes of transformation of the territories, are ideal scenarios to encourage integral solutions that promote structural changes based on environmentally responsible behaviors, which favor, the transition towards more sustainable production, consumption and post-consumption processes and manage to reverse the situation of planetary boundaries by 2050. This thesis had the objective of proposing an Environmental Education Plan (EEP) for the Integral Solid Waste Management (ISWM) within the framework of the System University of Manizales (SUMA), Colombia. The research prioritized an integrative approach from the theoretical and methodological perspective, applying quantitative and qualitative techniques and tools to achieve a systemic understanding of environmental problems and the contextualized formulation of the EEP from the proposed approach of Effective Environmental Education (EEE). Several techniques and methodological tools were applied to propose the EEP as a planning instrument that guides the environmental educational processes associated with solid waste management on the university campuses of Manizales, as follows: the application of theoretical models of management and environmental education, the design of questionnaires, the workshop with actors/experts, fuzzy logic cognitive mapping, simulation of future “what if” scenarios and statistical analysis. An Integrated and Sustainable Management of Solid Waste Model were adapted and applied during the investigation, not only favored the understanding of the multidimensionality of the ISWM system, but also revealed the interdependence between the variables involved. The participation of the SUMA actors/experts favored the generation of knowledge about the system in the university context, based on their own experience on university campuses and facilitated the use of the Mental Modeler software to understand the system and identify the factors that can favor and limit it, simulating future scenarios that provide tools to university authorities for decision-making. The Environmental Literacy Model applied to the ISWM were proposed in this thesis, unprecedented in the literature. This model guided the study on the determinant variables of ISWM behaviors and allowed the EEP to be structured based on a pedagogical strategy based on competences, which, articulated to the three levels of environmental literacy domain: nominal or awareness, functional or appropriation and operational or empowerment, favor environmentally responsible behaviors in waste generators. The results obtained confirm the importance of linking Environmental Education (EE) with Environmental Management (EM) from the EEE approach, with the purpose of achieving behavioral changes associated with waste management on university campuses. Considering that the context is the variable that most influences the behaviors for the ISWM of the analyzed university community, the EE by itself, even projected from the constructivist paradigm, can become insufficient, if it does not rely on a EM that enables the associated actions. to those behaviors. The EEE proposal, made up of two strategic axes: Environmental literacy and Campus environmental management and ordering for the ISWM, prioritizes various lines of action from the EE oriented towards training and edu-communication, and from the EM for sustainable purchases, responsible consumption and improvement of infrastructure and furniture for the ISWM. The potential of the EEP to increase its scope and impact in the territorial context is highlighted, considering that each member of the university community is a waste-generating citizen, who will be able to apply its capabilities in contexts other than campus. The behaviors for ISWM will then depend on the citizen possibilities offered by urban contexts.
The conception of progress, development and technological optimism have generated lifestyles, ways of appropriating nature and unsustainable economic models, causing an unprecedented socio-ecological crisis. Therefore, the sustainable use of resources, the minimization of anthropogenic waste and the recirculation of materials are significant challenges to contribute to the stability of the Earth system and guarantee the integrity of the biosphere. Universities as axes of transformation of the territories, are ideal scenarios to encourage integral solutions that promote structural changes based on environmentally responsible behaviors, which favor, the transition towards more sustainable production, consumption and post-consumption processes and manage to reverse the situation of planetary boundaries by 2050. This thesis had the objective of proposing an Environmental Education Plan (EEP) for the Integral Solid Waste Management (ISWM) within the framework of the System University of Manizales (SUMA), Colombia. The research prioritized an integrative approach from the theoretical and methodological perspective, applying quantitative and qualitative techniques and tools to achieve a systemic understanding of environmental problems and the contextualized formulation of the EEP from the proposed approach of Effective Environmental Education (EEE). Several techniques and methodological tools were applied to propose the EEP as a planning instrument that guides the environmental educational processes associated with solid waste management on the university campuses of Manizales, as follows: the application of theoretical models of management and environmental education, the design of questionnaires, the workshop with actors/experts, fuzzy logic cognitive mapping, simulation of future “what if” scenarios and statistical analysis. An Integrated and Sustainable Management of Solid Waste Model were adapted and applied during the investigation, not only favored the understanding of the multidimensionality of the ISWM system, but also revealed the interdependence between the variables involved. The participation of the SUMA actors/experts favored the generation of knowledge about the system in the university context, based on their own experience on university campuses and facilitated the use of the Mental Modeler software to understand the system and identify the factors that can favor and limit it, simulating future scenarios that provide tools to university authorities for decision-making. The Environmental Literacy Model applied to the ISWM were proposed in this thesis, unprecedented in the literature. This model guided the study on the determinant variables of ISWM behaviors and allowed the EEP to be structured based on a pedagogical strategy based on competences, which, articulated to the three levels of environmental literacy domain: nominal or awareness, functional or appropriation and operational or empowerment, favor environmentally responsible behaviors in waste generators. The results obtained confirm the importance of linking Environmental Education (EE) with Environmental Management (EM) from the EEE approach, with the purpose of achieving behavioral changes associated with waste management on university campuses. Considering that the context is the variable that most influences the behaviors for the ISWM of the analyzed university community, the EE by itself, even projected from the constructivist paradigm, can become insufficient, if it does not rely on a EM that enables the associated actions. to those behaviors. The EEE proposal, made up of two strategic axes: Environmental literacy and Campus environmental management and ordering for the ISWM, prioritizes various lines of action from the EE oriented towards training and edu-communication, and from the EM for sustainable purchases, responsible consumption and improvement of infrastructure and furniture for the ISWM. The potential of the EEP to increase its scope and impact in the territorial context is highlighted, considering that each member of the university community is a waste-generating citizen, who will be able to apply its capabilities in contexts other than campus. The behaviors for ISWM will then depend on the citizen possibilities offered by urban contexts.
Descripción
Calderón Cuartas, P.A. (2023). Plan de educación ambiental para la gestión integral de residuos sólidos del Sistema Universitario de Manizales, Colombia. [Tesis de Doctorado]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL, ALFABETIZACIÓN, RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, SOLID WASTE, EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR, COLOMBIA