El papel del profesorado y el entorno de aprendizaje en el rendimiento de los estudiantes costarricenses: un análisis a partir de PISA
Fecha
2019-06-04
Autores
Giménez Esteban, Gregorio Gaudioso
Barrado, Beatriz
Arias Ramírez, Rafael
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Editor
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Resumen
A pesar de que la literatura ha señalado que la calidad del profesorado y el ambiente escolar son factores clave en el rendimiento académico, los estudios que cuantifican empíricamente en qué medida contribuyen al desempeño estudiantil en los países latinoamericanos son escasos. En este artículo, utilizamos datos de PISA 2012 - Costa Rica y la técnica de descomposición Shapley Shorrocks para cuantificar qué porcentaje de la variabilidad de los resultados escolares puede ser explicada por el profesorado y el entorno de aprendizaje. Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de las diferencias en notas se debe al esfuerzo de cada estudiante y del resto de factores, las características de la escuela y del profesor explican más variabilidad en rendimiento que el efecto conjunto de las circunstancias individuales y familiares. Dentro de los factores de escuela, dos elementos tendrían especial relevancia: el comportamiento de los alumnos, destacando los problemas de absentismo e impuntualidad y el nivel de autonomía del profesorado y la dirección de la escuela en el diseño de los planes de estudio y las evaluaciones.
Although literature has emphasized that the teachers’ quality and the school environment are key factors of the academic performance, few empirical studies have quantified how much they contribute to student performance in Latin American countries. In this article, we use PISA 2012 - Costa Rica microdata and Shapley-Shorrocks decomposition to analyze how much of the variation in student performance can be explained by the teachers’ characteristics and the learning environment. We find that most of the differences in performance are due to student’s effort and regarding the other explanatory factors, school and teacher characteristics explain more variability of academic performance than the combined effect of individual and family circumstances. Among the school’s factors, two elements have special relevance: the behavior of the students, highlighting the problems of absenteeism and tardiness and the level of autonomy of the teaching staff and the school’s principal in the design of the curriculum and the evaluations.
Although literature has emphasized that the teachers’ quality and the school environment are key factors of the academic performance, few empirical studies have quantified how much they contribute to student performance in Latin American countries. In this article, we use PISA 2012 - Costa Rica microdata and Shapley-Shorrocks decomposition to analyze how much of the variation in student performance can be explained by the teachers’ characteristics and the learning environment. We find that most of the differences in performance are due to student’s effort and regarding the other explanatory factors, school and teacher characteristics explain more variability of academic performance than the combined effect of individual and family circumstances. Among the school’s factors, two elements have special relevance: the behavior of the students, highlighting the problems of absenteeism and tardiness and the level of autonomy of the teaching staff and the school’s principal in the design of the curriculum and the evaluations.
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Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, MAESTROS DE PRIMARIA, APRENDIZAJE, GESTIÓN EDUCACIONAL, RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO, PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, LEARNING, EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE