Evaluación de impacto ex post de acuerdos comerciales: síntesis de algunas aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas
Fecha
2020-09-18
Autores
Solano Ruiz , Jorge
Alonso Ubieta, Suyen
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La formulación, ejecución y monitoreo de los acuerdos comerciales firmados entre los países son procesos que deben ir acompañados de sus respectivos métodos de evaluación, así las cosas, resulta inevitable que se evalúen en tres etapas, que saber son: ex ante, en marcha y ex post. Sin embargo, son pocos los gobiernos que hoy implementan estas prácticas, reduciendo así la posibilidad de evidenciar los aportes de estos acuerdos a la sociedad. Dada la importancia que las evaluaciones poseen, este cuaderno de trabajo se enfoca en el proceso de evaluación ex post, con el objetivo de presentar una síntesis teórica y metodológica de los principales instrumentos de evaluación a ser usados por investigadores y tomadores de decisión a nivel político involucrados en materia comercial.
Aunque técnicamente un acuerdo comercial regional (ACR) no tiene pactada una fecha de finalización, la forma operativa de estos acuerdos comerciales no da lugar a efectuar ajustes en la marcha, quedando como opción únicamente, la posibilidad de ejecutar una evaluación trascurrido cierto tiempo y así generar información para iniciar eventuales procesos de renegociación para replantear nuevos objetivos y metas que lleven a mejorar los flujos comerciales.
En este documento, el método utilizado en este documento se basa en el empleo de indicadores cuantitativos, agrupados en 22 categorías, cada uno enfocado en mostrar los impactos en el flujo comercial en el marco de un acuerdo, desde distintas aristas. La información obtenida con la implementación de los indicadores sirve únicamente para evaluar el impacto sobre el flujo de bienes, no así de los servicios, flujos de capital e inversión extranjera directa.
Del análisis realizado se concluye que si bien la la mayoría de los acuerdos comerciales poseen cláusulas para la administración del tratado, su importancia no yace en el hecho de cumplir, por el contrario, se convierte en una herramienta útil para generar información clave a ser usado por los tomadores de decisiones
The formulation, execution and monitoring of the trade agreements signed between the countries are processes that must be accompanied by their respective evaluation methods, thus, it is inevitable that they are evaluated in three stages, which to know are: ex ante, in progress and ex post. However, few governments today implement these practices, thus reducing the possibility of demonstrating the contributions of these agreements to society. Given the importance of evaluations, this workbook focuses on the ex post evaluation process, with the aim of presenting a theoretical and methodological synthesis of the main evaluation instruments to be used by researchers and decision makers at the political level. involved in commercial matters. Although technically a regional trade agreement (RTA) does not have an end date agreed, the operational form of these trade agreements does not give rise to making adjustments in progress, leaving as an option only, the possibility of executing an evaluation after a certain time and thus generate information to initiate eventual renegotiation processes to rethink new objectives and goals that lead to improve trade flows. In this document, the method used in this document is based on the use of quantitative indicators, grouped into 22 categories, each one focused on showing the impacts on the commercial flow in the framework of an agreement, from different angles. The information obtained with the implementation of the indicators serves only to assess the impact on the flow of goods, not on services, capital flows and foreign direct investment. From the analysis carried out, it is concluded that although most trade agreements have clauses for the administration of the treaty, its importance does not lie in the fact of compliance, on the contrary, it becomes a useful tool to generate key information to be used by decision makers.
The formulation, execution and monitoring of the trade agreements signed between the countries are processes that must be accompanied by their respective evaluation methods, thus, it is inevitable that they are evaluated in three stages, which to know are: ex ante, in progress and ex post. However, few governments today implement these practices, thus reducing the possibility of demonstrating the contributions of these agreements to society. Given the importance of evaluations, this workbook focuses on the ex post evaluation process, with the aim of presenting a theoretical and methodological synthesis of the main evaluation instruments to be used by researchers and decision makers at the political level. involved in commercial matters. Although technically a regional trade agreement (RTA) does not have an end date agreed, the operational form of these trade agreements does not give rise to making adjustments in progress, leaving as an option only, the possibility of executing an evaluation after a certain time and thus generate information to initiate eventual renegotiation processes to rethink new objectives and goals that lead to improve trade flows. In this document, the method used in this document is based on the use of quantitative indicators, grouped into 22 categories, each one focused on showing the impacts on the commercial flow in the framework of an agreement, from different angles. The information obtained with the implementation of the indicators serves only to assess the impact on the flow of goods, not on services, capital flows and foreign direct investment. From the analysis carried out, it is concluded that although most trade agreements have clauses for the administration of the treaty, its importance does not lie in the fact of compliance, on the contrary, it becomes a useful tool to generate key information to be used by decision makers.
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Palabras clave
COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, ACUERDOS INTERNACIONALES, LIBRE COMERCIO, INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA, POLÍTICA COMERCIAL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, FREE TRADE, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, COMMERCIAL POLICY