Mapas de dispersión de gases y de partículas: Un insumo que permite alertar a la población en caso de actividad de los volcanes Poás, Turrialba y Rincón de la Vieja
Fecha
2023
Autores
Sibaja Brenes, José Pablo
Alfaro Solís, Rosa
Martínez Cruz, María
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Editor
Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) (Perú)
Resumen
En Costa Rica, la actividad volcánica se distribuye en 3
conos principales: Poás, Turrialba y Rincón de la Vieja.
Los volcanes Poás y Turrialba, los cuales están situados
en Alajuela y Cartago, respectivamente, manifiestan
su actividad a través de la emisión continua de gases y
ceniza desde hace algunos años. Por su parte, el
Rincón de la vieja en el 2018 manifestó una actividad
significativa a través de algunas erupciones y lahares
notables (CNE, 2019; SINAC, 2019). Las emisiones
gaseosas de los volcanes suelen tener una liberación
de varias sustancias que pueden generar una
afectación a la población (en función del tipo de
sustancia, la concentración y el tiempo de exposición),
donde se tienen: vapor de agua (H2O(g), 30 % a 90 %),
dióxido de azufre (SO2(g), 5 % a 50 %), dióxido de
carbono (CO2(g), 5 % a 40 %), sulfuro de hidrógeno
(H2S(g), ˂ 2 %), hidrógeno (H2(g), ˂ 2 %), monóxido de
carbono (CO(g), ˂ 2 %) y bajas concentraciones de otros
gases como radón (Rn) y helio (He) (Baxter y Horwell,
2015). Además, se ha observado la emisión de
especies fuertemente ácidas como el fluoruro de
hidrógeno (HF(g)) y el cloruro de hidrógeno (HCl(g)), el
ácido nítrico (HNO3(ac)) y el ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4(ac))
(Williams-Jones y Rymer, 2015).
El volcán Turrialba inició su actividad en el 2010, con
emanaciones de gases y ceniza aisladas. Para el 2015,
se dio una serie de fuertes emanaciones por parte del
nuevo cráter formado en la cima del volcán. El 18 de
mayo del 2015 se dio una erupción fuerte, en donde
se formó una columna de más de 3 km de gases y
ceniza, la cual se dispersó hacia el Valle Central,
generando problemas de salud, de visibilidad y
tránsito aéreo. En la Fig. 1 se muestra la reducción en la
visibilidad presentada el 18 de mayo del 2015 en el
aeropuerto Internacional Juan Santamaría (a 49 km
del cráter del volcán Turrialba), en donde se dio el
cierre repentino debido a la cantidad de ceniza que
había suspendida en el aire y precipitada en la pista de
aterrizaje. En consecuencia, se dio la movilización de
aviones a otro aeropuerto del país. Dicha situación
generó un movimiento de instituciones en pro de la
salud y de la continuidad de los servicios en el país.
Además, se realizó el desalojo de comunidades en
Cartago y Heredia, debido a la caída de ceniza y a las
complicaciones respiratorias que se presentaron.
In Costa Rica, volcanic activity is distributed in 3 main cones: Poás, Turrialba and Rincón de la Vieja. The Poás and Turrialba volcanoes, which are located in Alajuela and Cartago, respectively, state its activity through the continuous emission of gases and ash for some years. For his part, the Rincón de la Vieja in 2018 manifested an activity significant through some eruptions and lahars notable (CNE, 2019; SINAC, 2019). The emissions gases from volcanoes usually have a release of various substances that can generate a impact on the population (depending on the type of substance, concentration and exposure time), where they are: water vapor (H2O(g), 30% to 90%), sulfur dioxide (SO2(g), 5% to 50%), carbon dioxide carbon (CO2(g), 5% to 40%), hydrogen sulfide (H2S(g), ˂ 2%), hydrogen (H2(g), ˂ 2%), carbon monoxide carbon (CO(g), ˂ 2%) and low concentrations of other gases such as radon (Rn) and helium (He) (Baxter and Horwell, 2015). Furthermore, the emission of strongly acidic species such as fluoride hydrogen (HF(g)) and hydrogen chloride (HCl(g)), the nitric acid (HNO3(aq)) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4(aq)) (Williams-Jones and Rymer, 2015). The Turrialba volcano began its activity in 2010, with Isolated gas and ash emissions. For 2015, There was a series of strong emanations from the new crater formed at the top of the volcano. On the 18th May 2015 there was a strong eruption, where a column of more than 3 km of gases was formed and ash, which was dispersed towards the Central Valley, generating health, visibility and air traffic. Fig. 1 shows the reduction in the visibility presented on May 18, 2015 at the Juan Santamaría International Airport (49 km of the crater of the Turrialba volcano), where the sudden closure due to the amount of ash that had suspended in the air and precipitated on the runway landing. Consequently, there was the mobilization of planes to another airport in the country. This situation generated a movement of institutions in favor of health and the continuity of services in the country. In addition, the eviction of communities was carried out in Cartago and Heredia, due to the fall of ash and the respiratory complications that occurred.
In Costa Rica, volcanic activity is distributed in 3 main cones: Poás, Turrialba and Rincón de la Vieja. The Poás and Turrialba volcanoes, which are located in Alajuela and Cartago, respectively, state its activity through the continuous emission of gases and ash for some years. For his part, the Rincón de la Vieja in 2018 manifested an activity significant through some eruptions and lahars notable (CNE, 2019; SINAC, 2019). The emissions gases from volcanoes usually have a release of various substances that can generate a impact on the population (depending on the type of substance, concentration and exposure time), where they are: water vapor (H2O(g), 30% to 90%), sulfur dioxide (SO2(g), 5% to 50%), carbon dioxide carbon (CO2(g), 5% to 40%), hydrogen sulfide (H2S(g), ˂ 2%), hydrogen (H2(g), ˂ 2%), carbon monoxide carbon (CO(g), ˂ 2%) and low concentrations of other gases such as radon (Rn) and helium (He) (Baxter and Horwell, 2015). Furthermore, the emission of strongly acidic species such as fluoride hydrogen (HF(g)) and hydrogen chloride (HCl(g)), the nitric acid (HNO3(aq)) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4(aq)) (Williams-Jones and Rymer, 2015). The Turrialba volcano began its activity in 2010, with Isolated gas and ash emissions. For 2015, There was a series of strong emanations from the new crater formed at the top of the volcano. On the 18th May 2015 there was a strong eruption, where a column of more than 3 km of gases was formed and ash, which was dispersed towards the Central Valley, generating health, visibility and air traffic. Fig. 1 shows the reduction in the visibility presented on May 18, 2015 at the Juan Santamaría International Airport (49 km of the crater of the Turrialba volcano), where the sudden closure due to the amount of ash that had suspended in the air and precipitated on the runway landing. Consequently, there was the mobilization of planes to another airport in the country. This situation generated a movement of institutions in favor of health and the continuity of services in the country. In addition, the eviction of communities was carried out in Cartago and Heredia, due to the fall of ash and the respiratory complications that occurred.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MAPAS, DISPERSIÓN, GASES, PARTÍCULAS, ACTIVIDAD VOLCÁNICA, VOLCÁN POÁS, VOLCÁN TURRIALBA, VOLCÁN RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, MAPS