Amenazas químico-tecnológicas en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica
Fecha
2013
Autores
Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo
Piedra-Marin, Gilberto
León-Coto, Sandra
Solís-Delgado, Alexander
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Los accidentes químico-tecnológicos son eventos inesperados que con llevan la liberación no controlada de una o más sustancias químicas con graves repercusiones en la salud humana y, en ocasiones, impactos irreversibles en el ambiente. El presente estudio consistió en la elaboración del primer Atlas de Amenazas Químico-Tecnológicas para las principales industrias de la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica(GAM). La amenaza sobre los asentamientos humanos, en las provincias de Alajuela y Heredia, se concentró en las industrias que manipulan gas cloro, ácido nítrico y clorhídrico. En Cartago, la principal amenaza se centralizó en las empresas que utilizan gas cloro. El cantón central de San José presentó la mayor amenaza respecto a centros de atención médica, debido a la conjugación de dos factores: alta concentración de industrias y la presencia de los centros hospitalarios de mayor importancia en el país. El análisis espacial reveló queun87 % de las industrias en San José se encuentran sobre aguas subterráneas:33 % en Alajuela, 83 % en Heredia y 88 % en Cartago. Los principales cuerpos de agua que pueden ser afectados ante eventuales incidentes en el área de estudio son los ríos: Ciruelas, Virilla, Turales, Bermúdez, Torres, Tíribí, Chiquito y Taras.
The chemical and technological accidents are unexpected events where non-controlledrelease of one or more chemical substances can affect the security and health of the community involved with negative impacts to the environment. This study presentsthe first atlas of chemical and technological threats of the greaterindustries in the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. In the residential areas of Alajuela and Heredia, the companies that use chloride gas, nitric and hydrochloric acid representedthe greatest threat. In Cartago,the most important threat reliedontheindustries that use chloride gas. In San Jose, hospitals and health centers are under a high pressure due to the conjugation of two factors: high industry density and presence of the most important hospitals in the country. Likewise, the atlas also showthe strategic position of many industries which are located on rich aquifers zones; indeed 87 % of the industries in San José are located above aquifers, 33 % in Alajuela, 83 % in Heredia, and 88 % in Cartago. The most affected rivers were found to be Ciruelas, Virilla, Turales, Bermúdez, Torres, Tíribi, Chiquito y Taras.
The chemical and technological accidents are unexpected events where non-controlledrelease of one or more chemical substances can affect the security and health of the community involved with negative impacts to the environment. This study presentsthe first atlas of chemical and technological threats of the greaterindustries in the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. In the residential areas of Alajuela and Heredia, the companies that use chloride gas, nitric and hydrochloric acid representedthe greatest threat. In Cartago,the most important threat reliedontheindustries that use chloride gas. In San Jose, hospitals and health centers are under a high pressure due to the conjugation of two factors: high industry density and presence of the most important hospitals in the country. Likewise, the atlas also showthe strategic position of many industries which are located on rich aquifers zones; indeed 87 % of the industries in San José are located above aquifers, 33 % in Alajuela, 83 % in Heredia, and 88 % in Cartago. The most affected rivers were found to be Ciruelas, Virilla, Turales, Bermúdez, Torres, Tíribi, Chiquito y Taras.
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Palabras clave
ATLAS, AMENAZA QUÍMICO-TECNOLÓGICA, INDUSTRIA, GRAN ÁREA METROPOLITANA, SUSTANCIAS QUÍMICAS, CHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL THREAT, CHEMICAL SUSBTANCES