Caracterización por zona y procedencia floral y determinación de la calidad de la miel de apis mellifera comercializada por la empresa Blue Zones
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2021-08
Autores
Taylor De La O, Emma
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Se realizó un estudio de calidad a 5 muestras de mieles procedentes de diferentes zonas apícolas de Guanacaste: Nicoya, Hojancha, Palo Verde, Liberia y Tamarindo de Santa Cruz, comercializadas por la empresa Blue Zones; el objetivo fue determinar los parámetros físico-químicos y la calidad asociada al origen de tales mieles para generar valor agregado. Para ello se hicieron análisis físico-químicos, melisopalinológicos y sensoriales a cada miel. De acuerdo con la hipótesis planteada, se esperaba que las mieles comercializadas por la empresa presentaran calidades diferenciadas en cuanto a su procedencia floral y geográfica, y que cumplieran con los estándares de calidad de comercialización basados en los parámetros físico-químicos establecidos. En el análisis físico-químico se midieron en el laboratorio el contenido de agua (%), hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), actividad de la diastasa, acidez libre y el contenido de azúcares (%). Para el análisis melisopalinológico se extrajeron los granos de polen de cada muestra, se tiñeron con safranina, se colocaron en lámina fijas y se identificaron al microscopio a nivel de especie, se realizaron conteos totales y por especie y se determinó la composición y procedencia floral de cada miel. En el análisis sensorial se determinaron mediante un panel sensorial las propiedades de aroma, sabor, grado de dulzor, de acidez y de astringencia, color, viscosidad y aptitudes de maridaje de las mieles. Los resultados del análisis físico-químico mostraron que todas las mieles cumplen con los estándares de calidad para todas las propiedades evaluadas. Los análisis de polen indicaron una naturaleza polifloral para todas las muestras, sin embargo, las mieles de Hojancha y Palo Verde presentaron características diferenciadoras especiales al resultar ser mieles de origen bifloral y oligofloral, respectivamente; las mieles de Palo Verde, Santa Cruz y Liberia podrían tener un potencial de diferenciación por denominación de origen. En el análisis sensorial, la calidad organoléptica de las mieles de Liberia, Hojancha y Palo Verde fueron afectadas por la cristalización, el calentamiento y un posible uso excesivo del humo durante la extracción; no obstante, aun fue posible determinar algunas diferencias organolépticas de interés entre las mieles que podrían aprovecharse para la generación de valor agregado. Con base en los resultados, se concluye que todas las mieles cumplen con los estándares de calidad físico-químicos, mientras que las mieles de Palo Verde y Hojancha son las que podrían generar un valor agregado con base en la diferenciación por procedencia floral; además, las mieles de Liberia, Palo Verde y Santa Cruz podrían tener un potencial de calidad por procedencia geográfica. Finalmente, las distinciones organolépticas percibidas en las mieles podrían aprovecharse para asignarles calidades diferenciadas, lo que a su vez podría aportarles un valor agregado en este sentido, a pesar de su procedencia polifloral. No obstante, este es una investigación preliminar, por lo cual es necesario realizar más estudios melisopalinológicos, de composición botánica por zona y sensoriales más detallados.
A quality study was carried out on 5 samples of honeys from different beekeeping areas of Guanacaste: Nicoya, Hojancha, Palo Verde, Liberia and Tamarindo de Santa Cruz, marketed by the Blue Zones company; The objective was to determine the physical-chemical parameters and the quality associated with the origin of such honeys to generate added value. For this, physical-chemical, melisopalynological and sensory analyzes were carried out on each honey. According to the hypothesis, it was expected that the honeys marketed by the company would present different qualities in terms of their floral and geographical origin, and that they would comply with the marketing quality standards based on the established physical-chemical parameters. In the physical-chemical analysis, the water content (%), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity, free acidity and the sugar content (%) were measured in the laboratory. For the melisopalynological analysis, the pollen grains were extracted from each sample, they were stained with safranin, they were placed in fixed plates and they were identified under the microscope at the species level, total counts were made and by species and the composition and floral origin of each honey. In the sensory analysis, the properties of aroma, flavor, degree of sweetness, acidity and astringency, color, viscosity and pairing abilities of the honeys were determined by means of a sensory panel. The results of the physical-chemical analysis showed that all the honeys meet the quality standards for all the properties evaluated. The pollen analysis indicated a polyfloral nature for all the samples, however, the honeys from Hojancha and Palo Verde presented special differentiating characteristics as they turned out to be honeys of bifloral and oligofloral origin, respectively; the honeys from Palo Verde, Santa Cruz and Liberia could have a potential for differentiation by designation of origin. In the sensory analysis, the organoleptic quality of the honeys from Liberia, Hojancha and Palo Verde were affected by crystallization, heating and a possible excessive use of smoke during extraction; However, it was still possible to determine some organoleptic differences of interest between the honeys that could be used to generate added value. Based on the results, it is concluded that all the honeys meet the physical-chemical quality standards, while the honeys from Palo Verde and Hojancha are those that could generate added value based on the differentiation by floral origin; Furthermore, the honeys from Liberia, Palo Verde and Santa Cruz could have a quality potential due to geographical origin. Finally, the organoleptic distinctions perceived in the honeys could be used to assign different qualities to them, which in turn could provide them with added value in this regard, despite their polyfloral origin. However, this is a preliminary investigation, for which it is necessary to carry out more melisopalynological studies, botanical composition by zone and more detailed sensory studies.
A quality study was carried out on 5 samples of honeys from different beekeeping areas of Guanacaste: Nicoya, Hojancha, Palo Verde, Liberia and Tamarindo de Santa Cruz, marketed by the Blue Zones company; The objective was to determine the physical-chemical parameters and the quality associated with the origin of such honeys to generate added value. For this, physical-chemical, melisopalynological and sensory analyzes were carried out on each honey. According to the hypothesis, it was expected that the honeys marketed by the company would present different qualities in terms of their floral and geographical origin, and that they would comply with the marketing quality standards based on the established physical-chemical parameters. In the physical-chemical analysis, the water content (%), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity, free acidity and the sugar content (%) were measured in the laboratory. For the melisopalynological analysis, the pollen grains were extracted from each sample, they were stained with safranin, they were placed in fixed plates and they were identified under the microscope at the species level, total counts were made and by species and the composition and floral origin of each honey. In the sensory analysis, the properties of aroma, flavor, degree of sweetness, acidity and astringency, color, viscosity and pairing abilities of the honeys were determined by means of a sensory panel. The results of the physical-chemical analysis showed that all the honeys meet the quality standards for all the properties evaluated. The pollen analysis indicated a polyfloral nature for all the samples, however, the honeys from Hojancha and Palo Verde presented special differentiating characteristics as they turned out to be honeys of bifloral and oligofloral origin, respectively; the honeys from Palo Verde, Santa Cruz and Liberia could have a potential for differentiation by designation of origin. In the sensory analysis, the organoleptic quality of the honeys from Liberia, Hojancha and Palo Verde were affected by crystallization, heating and a possible excessive use of smoke during extraction; However, it was still possible to determine some organoleptic differences of interest between the honeys that could be used to generate added value. Based on the results, it is concluded that all the honeys meet the physical-chemical quality standards, while the honeys from Palo Verde and Hojancha are those that could generate added value based on the differentiation by floral origin; Furthermore, the honeys from Liberia, Palo Verde and Santa Cruz could have a quality potential due to geographical origin. Finally, the organoleptic distinctions perceived in the honeys could be used to assign different qualities to them, which in turn could provide them with added value in this regard, despite their polyfloral origin. However, this is a preliminary investigation, for which it is necessary to carry out more melisopalynological studies, botanical composition by zone and more detailed sensory studies.
Descripción
Clasificación 638.13 T238c
Palabras clave
ABEJAS, MIEL DE ABEJA, FLORES, APIS MELLIFERA, APICULTURA, BEES, HONEY BEE, FLOWERS, BEEKEEPING