Elementos teóricos y metodológicos para el análisis de la competitividad en empresas, sectores productivos y paises
Fecha
2005-12
Autores
Chacón, Wendy
Parada Gómez, Alvaro Martín
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Editor
Editorial de la Universidad Nacional
Resumen
El análisis teórico de la competitividad ha avanzado relativamente de acuerdo con cuatro referentes. El enfoque de la cadena del valor el cual analiza la competitividad de una empresa a partir de la formación del diamante, el cual tiene cuatro factores: condiciones de las demandas, condiciones de los factores, las industrias relacionadas y la estrategia o estructura de rivalidad. El segundo enfoque enfatiza en la formación de clusters y señala que la creación de encadenamientos productivos en la industria dentro de un espacio geográfico claramente delimitado genera ventajas competitivas en costos y diferenciación de productos. El tercer referente es el enfoque de competitividad sistémica el cual es más integral porque interrelaciona distintos factores localizados en el nivel micro, macro, meso y meta dentro de la economía y sociedad, que interactuando determinan la posición competitiva de la empresa o sector. El cuarto enfoque es la cadena global de mercancías, el cual hace énfasis en la definición de la estructura insumo producto, la dimensión institucional, la dimensión geográfica (lo local, regional, nacional e internacional) y la fuerza motriz que orienta la generación y apropiación del valor agregado. Todos los enfoques muestran ventajas para el análisis de la capacidad competitiva de las empresas, sectores y países así como debilidades. Lo fundamental es interpretar sus orientaciones para apoyar el diseño y ejecución de política sectorial que ayude a fortalecer la capacidad productiva de los países en los mercados locales e internacionales.
The analysis of competitiveness has developed four main theoretical referents. The value chain approach analyses enterprise competitiveness from the diamond scheme. This scheme focuses on four factors: demand, conditions, production factor conditions, related industries and strategy or structure of competition. The second approach emphasizes in the cluster formation pointing out on the creation of productive linkages in the industry within specific geographic space. This cluster generates competitive advantages related to lower costs and product differentiation. Systemic competitiveness is the third theoretical referent. This is the most integral beca use relates factors from the micro, macro, mesoand meta levels in an economy and society. Their interaction determines a competitive position of the enterprise or productive sector. The fourth approach is global commodity chain, which pay attention to the input-output structure, the institutional dimension, geographic dimension (local, regional, national or international) and the govemance structure as the motor force that orient the production and appropriation of added value. AII these approaches show the pros and cons in using them for the competitive capacity analysis of enterprises, sectors and countries. The issue is to understand their orientations to support the design and implementation of sectorial policies for increasing the national productive capacity in local and international markets
The analysis of competitiveness has developed four main theoretical referents. The value chain approach analyses enterprise competitiveness from the diamond scheme. This scheme focuses on four factors: demand, conditions, production factor conditions, related industries and strategy or structure of competition. The second approach emphasizes in the cluster formation pointing out on the creation of productive linkages in the industry within specific geographic space. This cluster generates competitive advantages related to lower costs and product differentiation. Systemic competitiveness is the third theoretical referent. This is the most integral beca use relates factors from the micro, macro, mesoand meta levels in an economy and society. Their interaction determines a competitive position of the enterprise or productive sector. The fourth approach is global commodity chain, which pay attention to the input-output structure, the institutional dimension, geographic dimension (local, regional, national or international) and the govemance structure as the motor force that orient the production and appropriation of added value. AII these approaches show the pros and cons in using them for the competitive capacity analysis of enterprises, sectors and countries. The issue is to understand their orientations to support the design and implementation of sectorial policies for increasing the national productive capacity in local and international markets
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Palabras clave
COMPETITIVIDAD, COMPETITIVENESS, EMPRESAS, BUSINESS, ECONOMÍA, ECONOMY, SOCIEDAD, SOCIETY, MERCADO, MARKET