El trabajo industrial domiciliario en Costa Rica : una relación estrecha entre la clase y la construcción de género : un acercamiento cualitativo
Fecha
2003
Autores
Marenco Marrocchi, Leda
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La presente investigación es un estudio cualitativo sobre mujeres maquiladoras textiles a domicilio. Se fundamenta en 11 entrevistas a mujeres, de las cuales 7 fueron realizadas en profundidad; y en 5 entrevistas semi estructuradas a personas contratantes, empresarias y las intermediarias. El análisis se centró en las formas que adquieren en la vida cotidiana de las mujeres maquiladoras domiciliarias, las interrelaciones entre condiciones socioeconómicas (determinantes en su condición de clase social) y de género, reproduciendo y recreando condiciones de pobreza y subordinación, pero también creando condiciones para el cuestionamiento y el cambio. Partimos de que las mujeres maquiladoras se dedican a esta forma de empleo por múltiples razones, que tienen que ver con la interrelación entre sus condiciones de clase y de género. En su inicio, la premisa principal de la investigación era que al realizarse en el espacio doméstico, la maquila domiciliaria fortalece una doble opresión para las mujeres la subordinación en razón del género y las relaciones de explotación de clase. En el proceso de la investigación, nos encontramos con una trama de realidades que permitió ver la complejidad y la multidimensionalidad de la vida cotidiana. El trabajo realizado en el espacio doméstico ha sido pesado históricamente con diversas balanzas: la de la sobrevivencia, la del amor, la de la naturaleza, obviando las relaciones de poder en su interior y minimizando su valor en términos económicos. En ese contexto, argumentando que en su trasfondo son las relaciones de poder y la desigualdad entre los géneros lo que se fortalece, las luchas feministas del último siglo han tratado de revelar, desde múltiples aristas, las implicaciones económicas, políticas y psicosociales de la división sexual del trabajo. Y es aquí donde, aunque aceptamos que por excelencia, el espacio doméstico ha significado confinamiento para las mujeres, donde se reproducen los roles y las identidades que alimentan el status que en una sociedad patriarcal, también es cierto que las mujeres han sido gestoras permanentes de nuevos significados, y que en su interacción con el entorno, han cuestionando y recreado permanentemente las formas de relación establecidas al interior de las familias y en la sociedad. Mi hipótesis de trabajo es que de una u otra forma, las mujeres quebtrabajan en sus casas, atendiendo a sus familias y a la vez, generando ingresos para su sobrevivencia, también han encontrado caminos para el cambio, para el fortalecimiento personal y el cuestionamiento de los valores patriarcales que han considerado como naturales las generaciones anteriores.
The present investigation is a qualitative study on women textile maquiladoras at home. It is based on 11 interviews with women, of which 7 were conducted in depth; and in 5 semi-structured interviews with contractors, businesswomen and intermediaries. The analysis focused on the forms they acquire in the daily lives of women in home maquiladoras, the interrelationships between socioeconomic conditions (determinants of their social class status) and gender, reproducing and recreating conditions of poverty and subordination, but also creating conditions for questioning and change. We start from the fact that women maquiladoras are engaged in this form of employment for multiple reasons, which have to do with the interrelation between their class and gender conditions. At the beginning, the main premise of the research was that when carried out in the domestic space, the domiciliary maquila strengthens a double oppression for women, subordination based on gender and exploitative class relations. In the research process, we find a web of realities that experienced the complexity and multidimensionality of everyday life. The work carried out in the domestic space has historically been weighed with various scales: that of survival, that of love, that of nature, ignoring the power relations within it and minimizing its value in economic terms. In this context, arguing that in its background it is the power relations and inequality between the genders that are strengthened, the feminist struggles of the last century have tried to reveal, from multiple angles, the economic, political and psychosocial implications of the division sexual work. And it is here where, although we accept that par excellence, the domestic space has meant confinement for women, where the roles and identities that feed the status that in a patriarchal society are reproduced, it is also true that women have been permanent managers of new meanings, and that in their interaction with the environment, they have permanently questioned and recreated the forms of relationship established within families and in society. My working hypothesis is that in one way or another, women who work at home, caring for their families and at the same time, generating income for their survival, have also found ways for change, for personal empowerment and questioning the patriarchal values that previous generations have considered natural.
The present investigation is a qualitative study on women textile maquiladoras at home. It is based on 11 interviews with women, of which 7 were conducted in depth; and in 5 semi-structured interviews with contractors, businesswomen and intermediaries. The analysis focused on the forms they acquire in the daily lives of women in home maquiladoras, the interrelationships between socioeconomic conditions (determinants of their social class status) and gender, reproducing and recreating conditions of poverty and subordination, but also creating conditions for questioning and change. We start from the fact that women maquiladoras are engaged in this form of employment for multiple reasons, which have to do with the interrelation between their class and gender conditions. At the beginning, the main premise of the research was that when carried out in the domestic space, the domiciliary maquila strengthens a double oppression for women, subordination based on gender and exploitative class relations. In the research process, we find a web of realities that experienced the complexity and multidimensionality of everyday life. The work carried out in the domestic space has historically been weighed with various scales: that of survival, that of love, that of nature, ignoring the power relations within it and minimizing its value in economic terms. In this context, arguing that in its background it is the power relations and inequality between the genders that are strengthened, the feminist struggles of the last century have tried to reveal, from multiple angles, the economic, political and psychosocial implications of the division sexual work. And it is here where, although we accept that par excellence, the domestic space has meant confinement for women, where the roles and identities that feed the status that in a patriarchal society are reproduced, it is also true that women have been permanent managers of new meanings, and that in their interaction with the environment, they have permanently questioned and recreated the forms of relationship established within families and in society. My working hypothesis is that in one way or another, women who work at home, caring for their families and at the same time, generating income for their survival, have also found ways for change, for personal empowerment and questioning the patriarchal values that previous generations have considered natural.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MAQUILA, MUJERES EN LA INDUSTRIA, TRABAJADORAS, GÉNERO (SEXO), INDUSTRIA TEXTIL, WOMEN IN THE INDUSTRY, WORKERS, GENDER (SEX), TEXTILE INDUSTRY