Preprints

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://10.0.96.45:4000/handle/11056/20514

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Optimizing cephaeline and emetine production from Ipecac root and antimicrobial activity through maturity harvesting and processing
(2024-09-03) Rodríguez-Víquez, Marco Antonio; Syedd León, Randall Fabio; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Jorengeth Abad; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Gerardo; Jiménez-Bonilla, Pablo; Álvarez Valverde, Víctor
[Objetive] This study aimed to determine whether there is an optimal harvest time for emetine, cephaeline, and total alkaloids Ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha [Brot.] L. Andersson) production. Also, the relationship between antibiotic activity and harvest time was tested. is an herb with medicinal properties cultivated in Northern Costa Rica. The root of this plant is valued according to its alkaloid concentration, which underlies its numerous biological activities. [Methodology] Two Ipecac fields from northern Costa Rican producers were sampled every ~2 months during a year. Samples were dried (through sun and oven), ground, extracted, and analyzed by HPLC and titration to evaluate the alkaloid concentration. Also, antimicrobial activity was determined using the Kirbi-Bauer test. [Results] Our main findings revealed that there is no significant difference between the oven-dried samples and the sun-dried samples. Also, an increase in total alkaloid production is observed in roots until during the first 16 months. Also, there is a variation in alkaloid composition: the cephaeline/emetine ratio increases after 16 months. [Conclusions] The highest alkaloid concentration occurs when plants are harvested between 16 and 19 months old. Additionally, the antibiotic activity is maximum at 16 months, and the cephaeline/emetine ratio is 2 at the same harvest time.
Water stable isotopes reveal groundwater vulnerability to land use fragmentation and climate variability in central Honduras
(Elsevier (Países Bajos), 2021) García-Santos, S.; Sánchez-Murillo, R.; Peña-Paz, T.; Chirinos-Escobar, M. J.; Hernández-Ortiz, J. O.; Mejía-Escobar, E. J.; Ortega, L.
Abstract. The inter-mountainous region of central Honduras has been experiencing abrupt urban water shortages during the last decade. Land use fragmentation to increase pasture, crop, and peri-urban areas has rapidly reduced surface water quantity and quality. Here we present a 3-yr (2018-2020) tracer study within the headwaters of the Choluteca River basin (2,949 km2). We sampled rainfall (weekly N=156; daily N=270), drilled wells (N=166; up to 300 m depth), boreholes (N =70; 4-12 m depth), and springs (N=128) to assess the spatio-temporal connectivity between rainfall and groundwater recharge elevations (MREs). Rainfall isotopic seasonality from the dry to the wet season is characterized by a clear W-shaped pattern. HYSPLIT trajectory analysis reveals three main moisture sources: 73% (east, Caribbean Sea), 17% (southwest, Pacific Ocean), and 10% (north; Gulf of Mexico). Groundwater sources exhibit a strong meteoric origin with a slight evidence of secondary evaporation. MREs range between 813 to 2,130 m asl with a mean value of ~1,600 m asl. Seasonal isotopic variability along with the influence of rapid infiltration limited the MRE method performance as follows: springs (60%), borehole (77%), and drilled wells (93%). Isotope-informed MREs coincide in large degree with coniferous forest, pasture, and crop areas. These results are intended to guide the mapping and delineation of critical recharge areas in central Honduras to enhance water quality and quantity during dry periods.

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