Capacidad de carga turística como herramienta de manejo sostenible de los arrecifes coralinos en la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño (RBIC), Costa Rica
Fecha
2018
Autores
Naranjo Arriola, Adriana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Los arrecifes de la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño (RBIC) son unos de los mejor conservados, más diversos y extensos de toda la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. Debido a la riqueza marina de la RBIC, comunidades como las de Drake, Sierpe y Uvita, se han enfocado en el turismo de buceo autónomo y a pulmón, como una de sus fuentes principales de ingreso económicos. No obstante, el turismo en la RBIC es manejado con base a un plan de manejo el cual no ha logrado ser implementado y carece de un reglamento y plan de uso público para el desarrollo del turismo que incluya la capacidad de carga de cada sitio. Con el fin de evitar la degradación de los arrecifes coralinos de la RBIC y mejorar el manejo de las actividades turísticas, el presente estudio evaluó la capacidad de carga turística (CCT) para las actividades de turismo marino en la RBIC. La toma de datos se realizó durante los periodos de abril a mayo 2016 (época de transición), y febrero a marzo 2017 (época seca). Durante las giras se realizó una caracterización de los sitios en donde se evaluó la fragilidad del fondo marino para cada punto de buceo y se registró la presencia de especies amenazadas y procesos ecológicos claves (reproducción, limpieza, alimentación). A su vez, se llevaron a cabo un total de 87 seguimientos de buceo, con el fin de poder evaluar el nivel de daño causado por los buzos recreativos. Posteriormente, se calculó la CCT para cada uno de los sitios de buceo autónomo y a pulmón, y para toda la RBIC. Además, se entrevistaron a los guardaparques de la RBIC y a los tour operadores locales, para conocer mejor el nivel de uso de los sitios y la capacidad de manejo que existe en la isla. Del mismo modo, se realizaron encuestas a los turistas para valorar su percepción de los arrecifes coralinos y el servicio brindado por los tour operadores. Los resultados mostraron que el sector noreste de la RBIC, específicamente la Esquina de Jardín, fue donde se registró la mayor cobertura por especies bentónicas de estructura frágil (78%). En el Bajo del Diablo se reportó la mayor presencia de especies amenazadas (50%) y procesos ecológicos (67%). De acuerdo a los análisis, la mayoría de contactos con el fondo fueron por medio de aletas (51%) y manos (31 0/0). De las especies bentónicas de estructura frágil, los octocorales fueron los que sufrieron la mayor cantidad de daños por los buzos (21 0/0), seguido por corales escleractinios (16%). No obstante, los fondos rocosos fueron con los que los buzos tuvieron la mayor cantidad de interacciones (32%). La CCT para las actividades de buceo autónomo y a pulmón en la RBIC resultó ser de 117 buzos por día (45 autónomos y 72 a pulmón) y 42 705 personas por año. Aunque la visitación anual esté por debajo del umbral de la CCT esto no implica que la CCT por sitio esté siendo respetada. De igual manera, se recomienda como medida de precaución no sobrepasar las 117 personas al día para evitar la degradación de los puntos abiertos al turismo marino. Por último, es crucial que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) mejore la capacidad de manejo en la RBIC ya que la CCT por sí sola, no garantiza poder mantener la adaptabilidad, productividad y capacidad de regeneración de los ecosistemas marinos de la Isla del Caño.
The coral reefs found in Caño Island Biological Reserve (RBIC) are one of the best preserved, most diverse and extensive, in the entire Pacific coastline of Costa Rica. Thanks to RBIC's richness in marine life, communities such as, Drake, Sierpe and Uvita depend on snorkel and SCUBA diving tourism as one of their major sources of income. However, tourism activities in Caño Island are managed based on a Management Plan that was never officially implemented and that lacks the necessary regulations and management tools such as the calculation of the Carrying Capacity (CC), to efficiently and sustainably carry out tourism related activities. Thus, the present study made a calculation of the Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC) for SCUBA diving and snorkeling tourism in Caño Island, to avoid the degradation of the coral reef ecosystems and improve the management of the island's tourism. Data collection was carried out from April to May, 2016 (transition season) and from February to March, 2017 (dry season). Dive sites were characterized based on percentage coverage of benthic species with a fragile structure, the presence or absence of endangered species and the occurrence of ecological processes such as, reproduction, feeding, or cleaning. A total of 87 divers were observed during the dive excursions to assess diver contact rates with the reef. TCC was then calculated for each one of the dive sites and for the entire Caño Island. Park rangers and local tour operators were interviewed to gain a better understanding of how the tourism was managed and carried out in the island. Surveys were also given to the tourists with the purpose of evaluating their perceptions of the coral reefs and the quality of the service provided by the tour operators. The results showed that the northeast side of the island, specifically the snorkel site Esquina de Jardín, registered the highest cover of benthic species with a fragile structure (78%). The highest number of endangered species (50%) and occurrence of biological processes (67%) were observed in Bajo del Diablo. The analysis also showed that most of the contacts made by the divers with the substrate were done through their fins (56%) and hands (31%). Of benthic fragile species, octocorals were the ones who received the highest amount of damaged (21%), followed by hard corals (16%). However, most divers' contacts were with rocky bottoms (32%). Caño Island's TTC for SCUBA and snorkel activities is of 117 persons per day (45 SCUBA and 72 snorkelers) and 42 705 persons per year. Even though the current annual visitation is below the CC, this does not imply that the CC per dive site is been respected. Also, as a Precaution measurement it is recommended that visits per day do not exceed 1 1 7 people to avoid the deterioration of the sites opened to marine tourism. Finally, the TCC by itself does not guarantees an ecosystem's adaptability, productivity and regeneration, for this tool to effectively work it must go hand in hand with an adequate preventive management. Therefore, it is crucial for the National Institute of Natural Protected Areas (SINAC) to invest in the improvement of Caño Island's management capacity.
The coral reefs found in Caño Island Biological Reserve (RBIC) are one of the best preserved, most diverse and extensive, in the entire Pacific coastline of Costa Rica. Thanks to RBIC's richness in marine life, communities such as, Drake, Sierpe and Uvita depend on snorkel and SCUBA diving tourism as one of their major sources of income. However, tourism activities in Caño Island are managed based on a Management Plan that was never officially implemented and that lacks the necessary regulations and management tools such as the calculation of the Carrying Capacity (CC), to efficiently and sustainably carry out tourism related activities. Thus, the present study made a calculation of the Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC) for SCUBA diving and snorkeling tourism in Caño Island, to avoid the degradation of the coral reef ecosystems and improve the management of the island's tourism. Data collection was carried out from April to May, 2016 (transition season) and from February to March, 2017 (dry season). Dive sites were characterized based on percentage coverage of benthic species with a fragile structure, the presence or absence of endangered species and the occurrence of ecological processes such as, reproduction, feeding, or cleaning. A total of 87 divers were observed during the dive excursions to assess diver contact rates with the reef. TCC was then calculated for each one of the dive sites and for the entire Caño Island. Park rangers and local tour operators were interviewed to gain a better understanding of how the tourism was managed and carried out in the island. Surveys were also given to the tourists with the purpose of evaluating their perceptions of the coral reefs and the quality of the service provided by the tour operators. The results showed that the northeast side of the island, specifically the snorkel site Esquina de Jardín, registered the highest cover of benthic species with a fragile structure (78%). The highest number of endangered species (50%) and occurrence of biological processes (67%) were observed in Bajo del Diablo. The analysis also showed that most of the contacts made by the divers with the substrate were done through their fins (56%) and hands (31%). Of benthic fragile species, octocorals were the ones who received the highest amount of damaged (21%), followed by hard corals (16%). However, most divers' contacts were with rocky bottoms (32%). Caño Island's TTC for SCUBA and snorkel activities is of 117 persons per day (45 SCUBA and 72 snorkelers) and 42 705 persons per year. Even though the current annual visitation is below the CC, this does not imply that the CC per dive site is been respected. Also, as a Precaution measurement it is recommended that visits per day do not exceed 1 1 7 people to avoid the deterioration of the sites opened to marine tourism. Finally, the TCC by itself does not guarantees an ecosystem's adaptability, productivity and regeneration, for this tool to effectively work it must go hand in hand with an adequate preventive management. Therefore, it is crucial for the National Institute of Natural Protected Areas (SINAC) to invest in the improvement of Caño Island's management capacity.
Descripción
Naranjo Arriola, A. (2018). Capacidad de carga turística como herramienta de manejo sostenible de los arrecifes coralinos en la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño (RBIC), Costa Rica. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Puntarenas, C.R.
Palabras clave
ARRECIFES, REEFS, AREAS DE PROTECCION, PROTECTION AREAS, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACION, TURISMO, ISLA DEL CAÑO (COSTA RICA)